WordNet

(library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period
movement through a circuit; especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold; "by increasing its circulation the newspaper hoped to increase its advertising"
the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area
free movement or passage (as of cytoplasm within a cell or sap through a plant); "ocean circulation is an important part of global climate"; "a fan aids air circulation"
the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『血液の循環』,血行 / 〈U〉(貨幣の)流通;(情報・うわさなどの)流布伝達;(新聞・雑誌など,印刷物の)配布 / 〈C〉(新聞・雑誌などの)発行部数
肺の;肺を冒す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/18 09:21:36」(JST)

wiki en

Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue.

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.

Route[edit]

Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again. De-oxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then re-enters the heart; deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery, the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood, to the capillaries where carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood cell into the alveoli, and oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood. Blood leaves the capillaries to the pulmonary vein, the only vein in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood in the body, to the heart, where it re-enters at the left atrium.

Right heart[edit]

Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right heart, more specifically the right atrium through the superior (upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava. The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped through the semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery.

Arteries[edit]

From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the left and right pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) and travels through the lungs.

Lungs[edit]

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen during respiration. Arteries are further divided in to very fine branches called the capillaries. In structure the capillaries are very thin walled. Their function is to carry blood to all cells of the body.

Veins[edit]

The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left atrioventricular valve, into the left ventricle. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.

History[edit]

According to R.A. Young, "Wiberg suggests that the early Greeks knew of the circulation, and quotes a passage from one of the Hippocratic writings which would bear that interpretation."^[1]

Pulmonary circulation was first described by Ibn al-Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242). It was later described by Michael Servetus in the "Manuscript of Paris"^[2] (near 1546, never published) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616.

Embryonic[edit]

The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale, an open conduit between the paired atria. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis in the adult heart.

External links[edit]

Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute

Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation, and more works by Servetus.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pulmonary circulation

^ Young, R. A. (1940). "The Pulmonary Circulation--Before and After Harvey: Part I". BMJ 1 (4122): 1. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4122.1. PMC 2176288. PMID 20782884.
^ 2011 “The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus”, (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of them illustrations, p 215-228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 心原性肺水腫の病態生理 pathophysiology of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
2. 子宮内から子宮外の生活への生理的変化 physiologic transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life
3. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
4. 非心原性肺水腫 noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
5. 慢性血栓塞栓性肺高血圧症：外科的治療 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension surgical treatment

English Journal

Cerebral hypoperfusion modifies the respiratory chemoreflex during orthostatic stress.

Ogoh S, Nakahara H, Okazaki K, Bailey DM, Miyamoto T.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan. ogoh@toyo.jp
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2013 Jul;125(1):37-44.
The respiratory chemoreflex is known to be modified during orthostatic stress although the underlying mechanisms remain to be established. To determine the potential role of cerebral hypoperfusion, we examined the relationship between changes in MCA V(mean) (middle cerebral artery mean blood velocit
PMID 23330653

Pulmonary vascular disease in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: pulmonary hypertension and beyond.

Mourani PM, Abman SH.SourceaDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care bDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Current opinion in pediatrics.Curr Opin Pediatr.2013 Jun;25(3):329-37. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328360a3f6.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pulmonary hypertension contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality of chronic lung disease of infancy, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Advances in pulmonary vascular biology over the past few decades have led to new insights into the pathogenesis of BPD; however, man
PMID 23615175

Simulated dive in rats lead to acute changes in cerebral blood flow on MRI, but no cerebral injuries to grey or white matter.

Havnes MB, Widerøe M, Thuen M, Torp SH, Brubakk AO, Møllerløkken A.SourceDepartment of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489, Trondheim, Norway, marianne.b.havnes@ntnu.no.
European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2013 Jun;113(6):1405-14. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2565-8. Epub 2012 Dec 12.
In this study, the effect of a simulated dive on rat brain was investigated using several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-methods and immunohistochemistry. Rats were randomly assigned to a dive- or a control group. The dive group was exposed to a simulated air dive to 600 kPa for 45 min. Pulmonar
PMID 23232710

Japanese Journal

IMAGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE : Combined Non-Invasive Doppler Echocardiography and Coronary Computed Tomography Lead to Diagnosis of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) Syndrome

Takemoto Kazushi,Hirata Kumiko,Tanimoto Takashi [他]
Circulation
NAID 40020437226

Peripheral Vascular Disease : Hormone Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Among Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan : A 10-Year Nationwide Population-Based Study

Lee Cheng-Han,Cheng Ching-Lan,Kao Yang Yea-Huei [他]
Circulation
NAID 40020437189

Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index and Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index Risk Scores Are Useful to Predict Mortality in Japanese Patients With Pulmonary Embolism