WordNet

of or relating to or determined by psychology; "psychological theories"
mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature; "give psychological support"; "psychological warfare"
the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else (同)dependance, dependency

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《名詞の前にのみ用いて》心理学の,心理学的な / 精神的な,心理的な
(…に)頼ること,(…への)依存,依頼《+『on(upon)』+『名』》 / (…への)信頼,信用《+『on』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/19 15:24:45」(JST)

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Addiction and dependence glossary^[1]^[2]^[3]
• addiction – a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences
• addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
• drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
• drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
• physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens)
• psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia)
• reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
• rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive or as something to be approached
• sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
• tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
(edit \| history)

Psychological dependence is a form of dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., a state of unease or dissatisfaction, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, or anxiety) upon cessation of drug use or engagement in certain behaviors.^[1]^[2]^[4] Physical and psychological dependence are sometimes classified as a facet or component of addiction, such as in the DSM-IV-TR;^[5] however, some drugs which produce dependence syndromes do not produce addiction, and vice versa, in humans.^[5] Addiction and psychological dependence are both mediated through psychological reinforcement, a form of operant conditioning, but are associated with different forms of reinforcement.^[1]^[2] Addiction is a compulsion for rewarding stimuli that is mediated through positive reinforcement.^[1]^[2] Psychological dependence, which is mediated through negative reinforcement, involves a desire to use a drug or perform a behavior to avoid the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation of exposure to it.^[1]^[2]

Psychological dependence develops through consistent and frequent exposure to a stimulus.^[6] Behaviors which can produce observable psychological withdrawal symptoms (i.e., cause psychological dependence) include physical exercise, shopping, sex and self-stimulation using pornography, and eating food with high sugar or fat content, among others.^[4]^[7] Behavioral therapy is typically employed to help individuals overcome psychological dependence upon drugs or maladaptive behaviors that produce psychological dependence.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410.
^ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b Olsen CM (December 2011). "Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions". Neuropharmacology 61 (7): 1109–1122. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010. PMC 3139704. PMID 21459101.
^ ^a ^b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–368. ISBN 9780071481274. The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...
Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ...
Dependence is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during withdrawal, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome.
^ Hanson, Glen, Peter J. Venturelli, and Annette E. Fleckenstein. Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Print.
^ "Psychological Dependence". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
^ The national center on addiction and substance abuse at Columbia University:"Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities", march 2007, also published on http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/publications_reports.aspx?keywords=psychological+dependence

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1. 重度の精神疾患の心理社会的介入 psychosocial interventions for severe mental illness
2. 癌患者における精神学的および心理学的障害の診断 diagnosis of psychiatric and psychologic disorders in patients with cancer
3. アルコール乱用および依存に対する薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for alcohol abuse and dependence
4. 臓器移植の精神的側面 psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation
5. 重複診断：重度の精神障害と物質使用障害 dual diagnosis severe mental illness and substance use disorders

English Journal

Is Internet addiction a psychopathological condition distinct from pathological gambling?

Tonioni F1, Mazza M1, Autullo G1, Cappelluti R2, Catalano V1, Marano G1, Fiumana V1, Moschetti C1, Alimonti F1, Luciani M1, Lai C3.Author information 1Psychiatry and Psychology Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Italy.2Dynamic and Clinical Psychology Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.3Dynamic and Clinical Psychology Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Electronic address: carlo.lai@uniroma1.it.AbstractAIMS: The behavioural-addiction perspective suggests that Internet addiction (IA) and pathological gambling (PG) could share similar characteristics with substance dependence. Despite the similarities between IA and PG, it is not clear whether these disorders share different or similar psychopathological conditions. The aim of the present study was to test whether IA patients presented different psychological symptoms, temperamental traits, coping strategies and relational patterns compared with PG patients. The hypothesis was that IA patients will show greater interpersonal disengagement than PG patients.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Jun;39(6):1052-6. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.016. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
AIMS: The behavioural-addiction perspective suggests that Internet addiction (IA) and pathological gambling (PG) could share similar characteristics with substance dependence. Despite the similarities between IA and PG, it is not clear whether these disorders share different or similar psychopatholo
PMID 24630825

Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment.

Lee D1, Schroeder JR, Karschner EL, Goodwin RS, Hirvonen J, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA.Author information 1Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.AbstractOBJECTIVES: Chronic, frequent cannabis smokers may experience residual and offset effects, withdrawal, and craving when abstaining from the drug. We characterized the prevalence, duration, and intensity of these effects in chronic frequent cannabis smokers during abstinence on a closed research unit.
The American journal on addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions.Am J Addict.2014 May;23(3):234-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12088.x.
OBJECTIVES: Chronic, frequent cannabis smokers may experience residual and offset effects, withdrawal, and craving when abstaining from the drug. We characterized the prevalence, duration, and intensity of these effects in chronic frequent cannabis smokers during abstinence on a closed research unit
PMID 24724880

Marital satisfaction and depression among couples following men's acute coronary syndrome: Testing dyadic dynamics in a longitudinal design.

Dekel R1, Vilchinsky N, Liberman G, Leibowitz M, Khaskia A, Mosseri M.Author information 1School of Social Work and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.AbstractOBJECTIVES: The current study examined the contribution of marital satisfaction to symptoms of depression among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and their partners.
British journal of health psychology.Br J Health Psychol.2014 May;19(2):347-62. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12042. Epub 2013 Mar 28.
OBJECTIVES: The current study examined the contribution of marital satisfaction to symptoms of depression among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and their partners.METHOD: The sample comprised of 91 ACS male patients and their female partners. Data were collected at the time of initial ho
PMID 23552169