関: filopodia、lamellipodia、lobopodia、pseudopodia

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/14 00:47:43」(JST)

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Pseudopods or pseudopodia (singular: pseudopodium) (from the Greek word ψευδοπόδια, ψευδός "false" + πόδια "feet") are temporary cytoplasm filled projections of eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists. They may be used for motility, or ingesting nutrients or other particulate matter. Cells that possess this faculty are generally referred to as amoeboids. Pseudopodia extend and contract by the reversible assembly of actin subunits into many microfilaments. Filaments near the cell's end interact with myosin which causes contraction. The pseudopodium extends itself until the actin reassembles itself into a network.

It is supposed that actin polymerization is at the origin of the force propelling the cell forward. Generally several pseudopodia arise from the surface of the body (polypodial, e.g. Amoeba proteus) or a single pseudopodium may form on the surface of the body (monopodial, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica).

Pseudopodia are formed by microtubule and filament structures. The cell surface projects a membrane process called the lamellipodium, which is supported inside by filaments that form at the leading edge, turning into networks as they merge. Cytoplasm flows into the lamellipodium, forming the pseudopodia.

The functions of pseudopodia include locomotion and the capturing of prey. Pseudopodia are critical in sensing prey that can then be engulfed; the engulfing pseudopodia are called phagocytosis pseudopodia. A common example of this sort of amoeboid cell is the human white blood cell. Human mesenchymal cells are a good example of a cell type which use pseudopodia for locomotive reasons: these migratory cells are responsible for in utero remodelling for example in the formation of the trilaminar germ disc during gastrulation.^[1] Pseudopodia do not all look like amorphous blobs; instead, they can be classified by their distinct appearances.^[2] Lobopodia are bulbous and amoebic. Filopodia are slender, thread-like, and are supported largely by microfilaments. Reticulopodia are very complex and bear individual pseudopodia that form irregular nets. Axopodia are the phagocytosis type with long, thin pseudopods supported by complex, microtubule arrays enveloped with cytoplasm, and they respond rapidly to physical contact.

Morphology

Chaos carolinense, an amoeboid with Lobopodia

Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:

Lobopodia are bulbous, short and blunt in form. They are very typical of Amoebozoa. These finger-like, tubular pseudopodia contain both ectoplasm and endoplasm.
Filopodia are more slender and filiform with pointed ends, consisting mainly of ectoplasm. These formations are supported by microfilaments. This is observed in Euglypha and Lecithium.
Reticulopodia,^[3] also known as reticulose pseudopods, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets. The primary function of reticulopodia, also known as myxopodia, is the ingestion of food, with locomotion a secondary function. Reticulopods are typical of Foraminifera.
Axopodia (also known as actinopodia) are thin pseudopods containing complex arrays of microtubules and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are mostly responsible for phagocytosis by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts. They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa. This supposedly^{[citation needed]} takes a strain on the helix, for after the sensory action has occurred, it then later on dies. Principally, these pseudopodia are food collecting structures.

References

^ Schoenwolf, Gary (2009). Larsen's Human Embryology: 4th Edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
^ David J. Patterson (2000). "Amoebae: Protists Which Move and Feed Using Pseudopodia". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved September 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/Reticulopodia

English Journal

Low-aspect ratio nanopatterns on bioinert alumina influence the response and morphology of osteoblast-like cells.

Wittenbrink I1, Hausmann A1, Schickle K1, Lauria I1, Davtalab R1, Foss M2, Keller A3, Fischer H4.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2015 Sep;62:58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.026. Epub 2015 May 16.
Topographical features on the nanometer scale are known to influence cellular behavior. The response of specific cell types to various types of surface structures is currently still being investigated. Alumina ceramics play an important role as biomaterials, e.g., in medical and dental applications.
PMID 26022980

Development and characterization of a hydrogen peroxide-resistant cholangiocyte cell line: A novel model of oxidative stress-related cholangiocarcinoma genesis.

Thanan R1, Techasen A2, Hou B3, Jamnongkan W1, Armartmuntree N1, Yongvanit P4, Murata M5.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2015 Aug 14;464(1):182-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.112. Epub 2015 Jun 20.
Oxidative stress is a cause of inflammation-related diseases, including cancers. Cholangiocarcinoma is a liver cancer with bile duct epithelial cell phenotypes. Our previous studies in animal and human models indicated that oxidative stress is a major cause of cholangiocarcinoma development. Hydroge
PMID 26100205

Active phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra) by T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells).

Zhang M1, Zhu Q2, Shi M2, Liu Y2, Ma L2, Yang Y2, Feng D2, Dai W2, Zhang L2, Kang T2, Chen P2, He Y2, Liu T2, Zhao Q2, Wang W2, Zhi J2, Feng G3, Zhao G4.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Aug;66(2):429-38. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 May 22.
This study aimed to co-culture Jurkat T lymphocytes with inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb H37Ra), explore whether T lymphocytes could phagocytose H37Ra cells, and determine the underlying mechanism. Jurkat T lymphocytes were co-cultured with H37Ra cells, and confocal laser scanning micros
PMID 26005110

Japanese Journal

S0201-3-1 マイクロプレシジョンハニカムスキャフォールドにより生成される歯根膜培養細胞グラフトを用いた歯周組織再生(骨再生と骨再建のためのバイオマテリアル(3),社会変革を技術で廻す機械工学)

石幡浩志,岩間張良,下西充,島内英俊,下村政嗣
年次大会講演論文集 : JSME annual meeting 2010(5), 31-32, 2010-09-04
… After 24h culture, PDL cells attached to pillars in the honeycomb structure of HF, and shaped like pseudopodium form. …
NAID 110008700305

Artificially induced tetraploid masu salmon have the ability to form primordial germ cells

SAKAO Suzu,FUJIMOTO Takafumi,KOBAYASHI Terumasa,YOSHIZAKI Goro,YAMAHA Etsuro,ARAI Katsutoshi
Fisheries science : FS 75(4), 993-1000, 2009-07-01
Diploid gametes generated with tetraploid animals are a stepping stone to improving techniques of chromosome manipulation. But artificially induced tetraploid individuals generally die soon after hatc …
NAID 10024979573