プロウイルス
WordNet
- cDNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus; the genetic material of a virus as incorporated into and able to replicate with the genome of a host cell
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/06/02 12:40:48」(JST)
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A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages.
This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous viral element. In inactive viral infections the virus will not replicate itself but through replication of its host cell. This state can last over many host cell generations.
Endogenous retroviruses are always in the state of a provirus. When a (nonendogenous) retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then inserted into the host genome by an integrase.
A provirus does not directly make new DNA copies of itself while integrated into a host genome in this way. Instead, it is passively replicated along with the host genome and passed on to the original cell's offspring; all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes. This is known as lysogenic viral reproduction.[1] Integration can result in a latent infection or a productive infection. In a productive infection, the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which directly produces new virus, which in turn will infect other cells via the lytic cycle. A latent infection results when the provirus is transcriptionally silent rather than active.
A latent infection may become productive in response to changes in the host's environmental conditions or health; the provirus may be activated and begin transcription of its viral genome. This can result in the destruction of its host cell because the cell's protein synthesis machinery is hijacked to produce more viruses.
Proviruses may account for approximately 8% of the human genome in the form of inherited endogenous retroviruses.[2]
A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used to describe other viruses that can integrate into the host chromosomes, another example being adeno-associated virus. Not only eukaryotic viruses integrate into the genomes of their hosts; many bacterial and archaeal viruses also employ this strategy of propagation. All families of bacterial viruses with circular (single-stranded or double-stranded) DNA genomes or replicating their genomes through a circular intermediate (e.g., tailed dsDNA viruses) have temperate members.[3]
See also
- Prophage
- Phage
- Retrotransposon
- Germline
- Horizontal gene transfer
- Endogenous retrovirus
- Endogenous viral element
- Adeno-Associated Virus
- Bornavirus
- Paleovirus
References
- ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). p. 386. ISBN 978-0-8053-6844-4.
- ^ Robert Belshaw; Pereira V; Katzourakis A; Talbot G; Paces J; Burt A; Tristem M. (Apr 2004). "Long-term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (14): 4894–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307800101. PMC 387345 . PMID 15044706.
- ^ Krupovic M, Prangishvili D, Hendrix RW, Bamford DH (2011). "Genomics of bacterial and archaeal viruses: dynamics within the prokaryotic virosphere". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 75 (4): 610–635. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00011-11. PMC 3232739 . PMID 22126996.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Regulation of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HML-2) Transcriptome by the HIV-1 Tat Protein.
- Gonzalez-Hernandez MJ1, Cavalcoli JD2, Sartor MA3, Contreras-Galindo R4, Meng F5, Dai M5, Dube D4, Saha AK4, Gitlin SD6, Omenn GS7, Kaplan MH4, Markovitz DM8.
- Journal of virology.J Virol.2014 Aug 15;88(16):8924-35. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00556-14. Epub 2014 May 28.
- Approximately 8% of the human genome is made up of endogenous retroviral sequences. As the HIV-1 Tat protein activates the overall expression of the human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) (HML-2), we used next-generation sequencing to determine which of the 91 currently annotated HERV-K (HML-2)
- PMID 24872592
- Differences in cellular function and viral protein expression between IgMhigh and IgMlow B-cells in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle.
- Ikebuchi R1, Konnai S1, Okagawa T1, Nishimori A1, Nakahara A1, Murata S1, Ohashi K2.
- The Journal of general virology.J Gen Virol.2014 Aug;95(Pt 8):1832-42. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.065011-0. Epub 2014 May 9.
- Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) induces abnormal B-cell proliferation and B-cell lymphoma in cattle, where the BLV provirus is integrated into the host genome. BLV-infected B-cells rarely express viral proteins in vivo, but short-term cultivation augments BLV expression in some, but not all, BLV-infecte
- PMID 24814926
- The PI3K pathway acting on alternative HIV-1 pre-mRNA splicing.
- Hillebrand F1, Erkelenz S2, Diehl N2, Widera M2, Noffke J3, Avota E4, Schneider-Schaulies S4, Dabauvalle MC5, Schaal H6.
- The Journal of general virology.J Gen Virol.2014 Aug;95(Pt 8):1809-15. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.064618-0. Epub 2014 Apr 30.
- HIV-1 mediates pro-survival signals and prevents apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. This pathway, however, also affects phosphorylation of serine-arginine (SR) proteins, a family of splicing regulatory factors balancing splice site selection. We now show that pharmacolog
- PMID 24784415
Japanese Journal
- Preparation of a cell line persistently infected with maedi/visna virus and production of viral antigens
Related Links
- provirus pro·vi·rus (prō'vī'rəs, prō-vī'-) n. pl. pro·vi·rus·es The precursor or latent form of a virus that is capable of being integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and being replicated with it. The American Heritage ...
- provirus /pro·vi·rus/ (pro-vi´rus) the genome of an animal virus integrated (by crossing over) into the chromosome of the host cell, and thus replicated in all of its daughter cells. It can be activated to produce a complete virus; it can also ...
- provirusとは。意味や和訳。[名]プロウイルス:宿主に害を与えない.... - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。
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