protester

　

WordNet

1. utter words of protest
2. the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent (同)objection, dissent
3. a formal and solemn declaration of objection; "they finished the game under protest to the league president"; "the senator rose to register his protest"; "the many protestations did not stay the execution" (同)protestation
4. the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval; "he shouted his protests at the umpire"; "a shower of protest was heard from the rear of the hall"
5. express opposition through action or words; "dissent to the laws of the country" (同)resist, dissent
6. affirm or avow formally or solemnly; "The suspect protested his innocence"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 異議申し立て人,坑議する人 / 主張(断言)する人
2. (…に対する)『抗議』,異議の申し立て;(少し軽い意味で,…への)反対,不満《+『against』+『名』》 / (…に対して,…について)『抗議をする』,異議を申し立てる《+『about』(『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)+『at』(『to』)+『名』》 / (不信に対して,また不満・反対があって)…‘を'『主張する』,『断言する』 / 《米》…‘に'坑議する(protest against)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 16:54:07」(JST)

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For other uses, see Protest (disambiguation).

"Remonstration" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Demonstration.

Demonstration against the President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during the Rio+20 conference in Brazil, June 2012

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

A working class political protest in Greece calling for the boycott of a bookshop after an employee was fired, allegedly for her political activism

Anti-nuclear Power Plant Rally on 19 September 2011 at Meiji Shrine complex in Tokyo. Sixty thousand people marched chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon nuclear power, following the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

A protest (also called a remonstrance, remonstration or demonstration) is an expression of bearing witness on behalf of an express cause by words or actions with regard to particular events, policies or situations. Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass demonstrations. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or they may undertake direct action in an attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves. Where protests are part of a systematic and peaceful campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as cases of civil resistance or nonviolent resistance.

Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of protest permits), economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of riot police. Observers have noted an increased militarization of protest policing, with police deploying armored vehicles and snipers against the protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open civil disobedience, more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.

A protest can itself sometimes be the subject of a counter-protest. In such a case, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest. In some cases, these protesters can violently clash.

Historical notions

Protesters against big government fill the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol and the National Mall on September 12, 2009.

An artist's depiction of a prototypical angry mob protesting with the threat of violence

Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into civil resistance, dissent, activism, riots, insurgency, revolts, and political and/or social revolution. Some examples of protests include:

• Northern Europe in the early 16th century (Protestant Reformation)
• North America in the 1770s (American Revolution)
• France in 1789 (French Revolution)
• The Haymarket riot, 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement
• The Suffragette Movement Union Strikes in 1909 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909)
• Martin Luther King's 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement
• SOS (Save Our Sons) an Australian anti-conscription organization
• 1960s Protests against Vietnam War
• The Stonewall riots in 1969 protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City
• The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
• The many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s
• The Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization
• Anti-globalization Protests in Prague in 2000
• Anti-globalization Protests in Genoa from July 18 to July 22, 2001
• Feb. 15, 2003 Iraq War Protest
• Tea Party protests
• Palestinian First Intifada Second Intifada
• Anti-nuclear protests
• 2010 Thai political protests
• 2011 Iranian protests
• Arab Spring protests
• Impact of the Arab Spring
• 2011 Occupy Wall Street protests
• Taksim Gezi Park 2013
• June 2013 Egyptian protests
• Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, Nov. 2013 through Feb. 2014
• Black Lives Matter

Forms of protest

See also: Repertoire of contention

Commonly recognized forms of protest include:

Public demonstration or political rally

Riots do not count as protests or protected 1st Amendment Speech.

Demonstrators marching outside the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Protest march in Palmerston North, New Zealand.

Protesters outside the Oireachtas in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.

Some forms of direct action listed in this article are also public demonstrations or rallies.

• Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people.
• Picketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.
• Street protesters, characteristically, work alone, gravitating towards areas of high foot traffic, and employing handmade placards such as sandwich boards or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.
• Lockdowns and lock-ons are a way to stop movement of an object, like a structure or tree and to thwart movement of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the sleeping dragon for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials.
• Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or (usually "bloody") bandages are used.
• Protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration.
• Radical cheerleading. The idea is to ironically reappropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.
• Critical Mass bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker magazine article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement; and the UK e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London." However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, and not as protests or organized demonstrations. This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.
• Toyi-toyi is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa, see Protest in South Africa.

Written demonstration

Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.

• Petitions
• Letters (to show political power by the volume of letters): For example, some letter writing campaigns especially with signed form letter

Civil disobedience demonstrations

Any protest could be civil disobedience if a “ruling authority” says so, but the following are usually civil disobedience demonstrations:

• Public nudity or topfree (to protest indecency laws or as a publicity stunt for another protest such as a war protest) or animal mistreatment (e.g. PETA's campaign against fur). See also Nudity and protest.
• Sit-in
• Raasta roko (people blocking auto traffic with their bodies)

As a residence

• Peace camp
• Formation of a tent city
• Camp for Climate Action

Destructive

• Riot - Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.
• Self-immolation
• Suicide
• Hunger strike
• Bombing

Non-Destructive

• Silent Protests - Protests/Parades in which participants are nonviolent and ususally silent, in attempt to avoid violent confrontation with Military or Police Forces. This tactic was effectively used during the Arab Spring in cities such as Tehran and Cairo

Direct action

• Civil resistance
• Nonviolent resistance
• Occupation

Protesting against a government

The District of Columbia issues license plates protesting the "taxation without representation" that occurs due to its special status.

• Tax resistance
• Conscientious objector
• Flag desecration

Protesting against a military shipment

• Port Militarization Resistance - protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments.

By government employees

Protest in Wisconsin State Capitol.

• Bully pulpit
• Judicial activism

Job action

Main article: Industrial action

• Strike action
• Walkout
• Work-to-rule

In sports

During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.

By management

• Lockout

By tenants

• Rent strike

By consumers

• Boycott
• Consumer Court

Information

• Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor
• Teach-in
• Zine
• Soapboxing

Civil disobedience to censorship

• Samizdat (distributing censored materials)
• Protest Graffiti

By Internet and social networking

Protesters in Zuccotti Park who are part of Occupy Wall Street using the Internet to get out their message over social networking as events happen, September 2011

Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views, news and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people.

Literature, art, culture

• Culture jamming

Protests against religious or ideological institutions

• Recusancy
• Book burning

Economic effects of protests against companies

A study of 342 US protests covered by the New York Times newspaper in the period 1962 and 1990 showed that such public activities usually had an impact on the company's publicly traded stock price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings is that what mattered most was the amount of media coverage the event received. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event.

See also

• Activist Wisdom, a book about protesters in Australia
• Anti-globalization movement
• Fare strike
• First Amendment to the United States Constitution
• Gandhigiri
• I Protest
• List of uprisings led by women
• Protest art
• Public Library Advocacy
• Right to protest
• Satyagraha
• Social criticism
• Tactical frivolity

References

External links

• Media related to Protests at Wikimedia Commons

English Journal

• Effect of abortion protesters on women's emotional response to abortion.

• Foster DG, Kimport K, Gould H, Roberts SC, Weitz TA.SourceUCSF's Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. fosterd@obgyn.ucsf.edu
• Contraception.Contraception.2013 Jan;87(1):81-7. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.005. Epub 2012 Oct 10.
• BACKGROUND: Little is known about women's experiences with and reactions to protesters and how protesters affect women's emotional responses to abortion.STUDY DESIGN: We interviewed 956 women seeking abortion between 2008 and 2010 at 30 U.S. abortion care facilities and informants from 27 of these f
• PMID 23062524

• Pathologist at centre of row over death of G20 protester faces GMC.

• Dyer C.
• BMJ (Clinical research ed.).BMJ.2010 Jul 20;341:c3923. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3923.
• PMID 20647292

• ASIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTISTS: New Breed of Protester Asks: Why Not Us?

• Lawler A.AbstractFor nearly a year prior to this past June, grad student Roger Hu had been following with increasing anxiety the case of Wen Ho Lee, the Los Alamos National Laboratory physicist who had been arrested and jailed in New Mexico under suspicion of mishandling classified data. Now Hu struggles to keep up with his Massachusetts Institute of Technology classes in computer science and electrical engineering in his new life as an activist.
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1075.
• For nearly a year prior to this past June, grad student Roger Hu had been following with increasing anxiety the case of Wen Ho Lee, the Los Alamos National Laboratory physicist who had been arrested and jailed in New Mexico under suspicion of mishandling classified data. Now Hu struggles to keep up
• PMID 17743250

Japanese Journal

• 抗議する人

• 食品経済研究 (40), 1-3, 2012-03
• NAID 40019316310

• 集合行為の制度化研究序説 : 集合行為の形態史研究に向けて(II個人研究)

• 龍谷大学国際社会文化研究所紀要 7, 335-348, 2005-03-25
• NAID 110004628967

• 藤田省三の哲学研究序説 : 「高度成長」 を拒否した思想家

• 政治学研究 30, 145-160, 2000-03-20
• NAID 110000244468

Related Links

• protesterの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

protester 【名】 〔個人または集団で〕抗議（行動）をする人 《法律》〔支払要... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• Protester - definition of protester by The Free Dictionary

pro·test (prə-tĕst′, prō-, prō′tĕst′) v. pro·test·ed, pro·test·ing, pro·tests v.tr. 1. a. To express a strong objection to (something): protest a ... Mohammed Al-Selwi, a protester, told the Yemen Times that several people, including women ...

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