WordNet

convert into a sulfate
a salt or ester of sulphuric acid (同)sulphate
a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/17 10:23:48」(JST)

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Protamine sulfate is a drug that reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin by binding to it.

Protamine was originally isolated from the sperm of salmon and other species of fish but is now produced primarily through recombinant biotechnology. It is a highly cationic peptide. It binds to heparin to form a stable ion pair which does not have anticoagulant activity; on its own, protamine has a weak anticoagulant effect. The complex of heparin and protamine is then removed and broken down by the reticuloendothelial system.

Dosage

Dosage for heparin reversal is 1 mg protamine sulfate i.v. for every 100 IU of active heparin. In patients who are allergic to fish, it can cause significant histamine release resulting in hypotension and bronchoconstriction; it can also cause pulmonary hypertension. Infusion should be slow to minimize these side effects. In large doses, protamine itself has some anticoagulant effect.

Uses

Protamine sulfate is usually administered to reverse the large dose of heparin administered during certain surgeries, especially heart surgery. It is also used in gene transfer, protein purification and in tissue cultures as a crosslinker for viral transduction.

In gene therapy, protamine sulfate has been studied as a means to increase transduction rates by both viral^[1] and nonviral (e.g. utilizing cationic lipids)^[2] mediated delivery mechanisms.

References

^ Kenneth Cornetta, W.French Anderson (1989). "Protamine sulfate as an effective alternative to polybrene in retroviral-mediated gene-transfer: implications for human gene therapy". Journal of Virological Methods 23 (2): 187-194. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166093489901328.
^ Sorgi, F L., et. al (1997). [http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v4/n9/pdf/3300484a.pdf "Protamine sulfate enhances lipid-mediated gene transfer"]. Gene Therapy 4 (9): 961-968. http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v4/n9/pdf/3300484a.pdf.

Sigma

External links

Protamine+Sulfate at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ヘパリンおよび低分子ヘパリンの治療使用 therapeutic use of heparin and low molecular weight heparin
2. 急性肺塞栓症の抗凝固療法 anticoagulation in acute pulmonary embolism
3. 幼児および小児における静脈血栓症および血栓塞栓症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism in infants and children
4. 新生児における血栓症のマネージメント management of thrombosis in the newborn
5. 脳卒中後の心臓カテーテル stroke after cardiac catheterization

English Journal

Surface-mediated functional gene delivery: An effective strategy for enhancing competitiveness of endothelial cells over smooth muscle cells.

Chang H, Ren KF, Wang JL, Zhang H, Wang BL, Zheng SM, Zhou YY, Ji J.SourceMOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Apr;34(13):3345-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.065. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
The non-biorecognition of general biomaterials and inherent biospecificity of biological systems pose key challenges to the optimal functions of medical devices. In this study, we constructed the surface-mediated functional gene delivery through layer-by-layer self-assembly of protamine sulfate (PrS
PMID 23380349

Dermatan sulfate synergizes with heparin in murine sperm chromatin decondensation.

Sanchez MC, Sedo CA, Julianelli VL, Romanato M, Calvo L, Calvo JC, Fontana VA.SourceDepartamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.
Systems biology in reproductive medicine.Syst Biol Reprod Med.2013 Apr;59(2):82-90. doi: 10.3109/19396368.2012.756952. Epub 2013 Jan 9.
The mammalian sperm nucleus contains an unusually condensed chromatin, due to replacement of the majority of histones by protamines. However, soon after the spermatozoon penetrates the ooplasm at fertilization, decondensation of this densely packed chromatin must occur to allow formation of the male
PMID 23301776

Extensive expansion of primary human gamma delta T cells generates cytotoxic effector memory cells that can be labeled with Feraheme for cellular MRI.

Siegers GM, Ribot EJ, Keating A, Foster PJ.SourceImaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada, gsiegers@uwo.ca.
Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII.Cancer Immunol Immunother.2013 Mar;62(3):571-83. doi: 10.1007/s00262-012-1353-y. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
Gamma delta T cells (GDTc) comprise a small subset of cytolytic T cells shown to kill malignant cells in vitro and in vivo. We have developed a novel protocol to expand GDTc from human blood whereby GDTc were initially expanded in the presence of alpha beta T cells (ABTc) that were then depleted pri
PMID 23100099

Japanese Journal

Early to Midterm Results of Cardiac Surgery with Concomitant Pulmonary Resection

HOSOBA Soh,HANAOKA Jun,SUZUKI Tomoaki,TAKASHIMA Noriyuki,KAMBARA Atsushi,MATSUBAYASHI Keiji,ASAI Tohru
Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 18(1), 8-11, 2012-02-01
… Lung wedge resections were performed after induction with protamine sulfate.Results: The mean follow-up period was 19 ± 11 months (2–34). …
NAID 10030235673

High-Throughput Turbidimetric Screening for Heparin-Neutralizing Agents and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Mimetics

Sekiya Atsushi,Oishi Shinya,Fujii Nobutaka,Koide Takaki
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60(3), 371-376, 2012
… Safer heparin-neutralizing agents are currently required to replace protamine, the use of which causes adverse effects such as anaphylaxia. … Since this assay protocol is feasible for an automated high-throughput screening (HTS) system, it could enhance the lead seeking process for drugs related to heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) functions. …
NAID 130001852423