関: brood bud、bulbil

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small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers (同)bulblet

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/06 00:20:08」(JST)

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In biology, a propagule is any material that is used for the purpose of propagating an organism to the next stage in their life cycle, such as by dispersal. The propagule is usually distinct in form from the parent organism. Propagules are produced by plants (in the form of seeds or spores), fungi (in the form of spores), and bacteria.^[1]

In disease biology, pathogens are said to generate infectious propagules, the units that transmit a disease. These can refer to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists, and can be contained within host material.^[2]^[3]^[4] For instance, for influenza, the infectious propagules are carried in droplets of host saliva or mucus that are expelled during coughing or sneezing.

In horticulture, a propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. In asexual reproduction, a propagule may be a woody, semi-hardwood, or softwood cutting, leaf section, or any number of other plant parts. In sexual reproduction, a propagule is a seed or spore. In micropropagation, a type of asexual reproduction, any part of the plant may be used, though it is usually a highly meristematic part such as root and stem ends or buds.^[5]

References

^ T.Y. Chuang and W.H. Ko. 1981. Propagule size: Its relation to population density of microorganisms in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 13(3).
^ David H. Ellis and Tania J. Pfeiffer. 1990. Ecology, life cycle, and infectious propagule of Cryptococcus neoformans. The Lancet. 336(8720).
^ Akira Sasaki and Yoh Iwasa. 1991. Optimal Growth Schedule of Pathogens within a Host: Switching between Lytic and Latent Cycles. Theoretical Population Biology. 39.
^ Fernando E. Vega, Harry K. Kay. 2012. Insect Pathology. Academic Press.
^ Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation, Seventh Edition.

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English Journal

Convergent and contingent community responses to grass source and dominance during prairie restoration across a longitudinal gradient.

Klopf RP, Baer SG, Gibson DJ.Author information Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901-6509, USA, rklopf@gmail.com.AbstractRestoring prairie on formerly cultivated land begins by selecting propagule seed sources and the diversity of species to reintroduce. This study examined the effects of dominant grass propagule source (cultivar vs. non-cultivar) and sown propagule diversity (grass:forb sowing ratio) on plant community structure. Two field experiments were established in Kansas and Illinois consisting of identical split plot designs. Dominant grass source was assigned as the whole-plot factor, and sown dominance of grasses (five levels of seeded grass dominance) as the subplot factor. Species density, cover, and diversity were quantified for 5 years. The effect of dominant grass source on the cover of focal grasses, sown species, and volunteer species was contingent upon location, with variation between dominant grass sources observed exclusively in Kansas. Species density and diversity showed regionally convergent patterns in response to dominant grass source. Contrary to our hypotheses, total species density and diversity were not lower in the presence of grass cultivars, the grass source we had predicted would be more competitive. Sown grass dominance effects on the cover of the focal grass species were contingent upon location resulting from establishment corresponding better to the assigned treatments in Illinois. All other cover groups showed regionally convergent patterns, with lower cover of volunteers and higher cover of sown forbs, diversity, and species density in the lowest sown grass dominance treatment in both sites. Thus, decisions regarding the diversity of propagules to reintroduce had more consequence for plant community structure than cultivar or non-cultivar source of dominant grasses.
Environmental management.Environ Manage.2014 Feb;53(2):252-65. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0209-3. Epub 2013 Nov 29.
Restoring prairie on formerly cultivated land begins by selecting propagule seed sources and the diversity of species to reintroduce. This study examined the effects of dominant grass propagule source (cultivar vs. non-cultivar) and sown propagule diversity (grass:forb sowing ratio) on plant communi
PMID 24292364

Scaling of processes shaping the clonal dynamics and genetic mosaic of seagrasses through temporal genetic monitoring.

Becheler R1, Benkara E1, Moalic Y1, Hily C2, Arnaud-Haond S1.Author information 1Institut Français de Recherche sur la MER (IFREMER)-Département 'Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds'- DEEP, Centre de Brest, Plouzané Cedex, France.2Institut Universitaire Européen de la MER (IUEM)-Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzanè, France.AbstractTheoretically, the dynamics of clonal and genetic diversities of clonal plant populations are strongly influenced by the competition among clones and rate of seedling recruitment, but little empirical assessment has been made of such dynamics through temporal genetic surveys. We aimed to quantify 3 years of evolution in the clonal and genetic composition of Zostera marina meadows, comparing parameters describing clonal architecture and genetic diversity at nine microsatellite markers. Variations in clonal structure revealed a decrease in the evenness of ramet distribution among genets. This illustrates the increasing dominance of some clonal lineages (multilocus lineages, MLLs) in populations. Despite the persistence of these MLLs over time, genetic differentiation was much stronger in time than in space, at the local scale. Contrastingly with the short-term evolution of clonal architecture, the patterns of genetic structure and genetic diversity sensu stricto (that is, heterozygosity and allelic richness) were stable in time. These results suggest the coexistence of (i) a fine grained (at the scale of a 20 × 30 m quadrat) stable core of persistent genets originating from an initial seedling recruitment and developing spatial dominance through clonal elongation; and (ii) a local (at the scale of the meadow) pool of transient genets subjected to annual turnover. This simultaneous occurrence of initial and repeated recruitment strategies highlights the different spatial scales at which distinct evolutionary drivers and mating systems (clonal competition, clonal growth, propagule dispersal and so on) operate to shape the dynamics of populations and the evolution of polymorphism in space and time.
Heredity.Heredity (Edinb).2014 Feb;112(2):114-21. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2013.82. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Theoretically, the dynamics of clonal and genetic diversities of clonal plant populations are strongly influenced by the competition among clones and rate of seedling recruitment, but little empirical assessment has been made of such dynamics through temporal genetic surveys. We aimed to quantify 3
PMID 24022498

Beta-thymosin gene polymorphism associated with freshwater invasiveness of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus).

Michalak K, Czesny S, Epifanio J, Snyder RJ, Schultz ET, Velotta JP, McCormick SD, Brown BL, Santopietro G, Michalak P.Author information Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.AbstractPredicting the success of a species' colonization into a novel environment is routinely considered to be predicated on niche-space similarity and vacancy, as well as propagule pressure. The role genomic variation plays in colonization success (and the interaction with environment) may be suggested, but has not rigorously been documented. To test an hypothesis that previously observed ecotype-specific polymorphisms between anadromous and landlocked alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) populations are an adaptive response to osmoregulatory challenges rather than a result of allele sampling at founding, we examined multiple anadromous and landlocked (colonized) populations for their allelic profiles at a conserved region (3'-UTR end) of a β-thymosin gene whose protein product plays a central role in the organization of cytoskeleton. The putatively ancestral β-thymosin allele was prevalent in anadromous populations, whereas a newly derived allele was overrepresented in landlocked populations; a third allele was exclusive to the anadromous populations. We also conducted a complementary set of salinity exposure experiments to test osmoregulatory performance of the alewife ecotypes in contrasting saline environments. The pattern of variation and results from these challenges indicate a strong association of β-thymosin with colonization success and a transition from species with an anadromous life history to one with only a freshwater component. J. Exp. Zool. 9999A: XX-XX, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology.J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol.2014 Jan 30. doi: 10.1002/jez.1854. [Epub ahead of print]
Predicting the success of a species' colonization into a novel environment is routinely considered to be predicated on niche-space similarity and vacancy, as well as propagule pressure. The role genomic variation plays in colonization success (and the interaction with environment) may be suggested,
PMID 24482425