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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/01/17 08:52:14」(JST)
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insulin |
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Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway. Production and secretion are largely independent; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion. Both C-peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale. |
Identifiers |
Symbol |
INS |
Entrez |
3630 |
HUGO |
6081 |
OMIM |
176730 |
RefSeq |
NM_000207 |
UniProt |
P01308 |
Other data |
Locus |
Chr. 11 p15.5 |
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.[1][2]
Contents
- 1 Synthesis and post-translational modification
- 2 Immunogenicity
- 3 See also
- 4 References
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Synthesis and post-translational modification
Proinsulin is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is folded and its disulfide bonds are oxidized. It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is packaged into secretory vesicles, and where it is processed by a series of proteases to form mature insulin. Mature insulin has 35 fewer amino acids; 4 are removed altogether, and the remaining 31 form the C-peptide. The C-peptide is abstracted from the center of the proinsulin sequence; the two other ends (the B chain and A chain) remain connected by disulfide bonds.
Immunogenicity
When insulin was originally purified from bovine or porcine pancreata, all the proinsulin was not fully removed.[3][4] When some people used these insulins, the proinsulin may have caused the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin was injected. This can be described as an iatrogenic injury due to slight differences between the proinsulin of different species. Since the late 1970s, when highly-purified porcine insulin was introduced, and the level of insulin purity reached 99%, this ceased to be a significant clinical issue.[5] It should also be noted that in respect of their influence on insulin pharmacokinetics, moderate concentrations of certain insulin antibodies may, in fact, be of positive advantage to all diabetics without endogenous insulin secretion (e.g. people with type 1 diabetes) because insulin binding antibodies effectively increase the insulin's clearance rate and distribution space and therefore helps to prolong its pharmacological and biological half lives.[6][clarification needed]
See also
- insulin
- signal peptide, signal peptide peptidase, preproinsulin
- proprotein convertase 1, proprotein convertase 2
References
- ^ "Entrez Gene: INS insulin". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3630.
- ^ Bell GI, Pictet RL, Rutter WJ, Cordell B, Tischer E, Goodman HM (March 1980). "Sequence of the human insulin gene". Nature 284 (5751): 26–32. doi:10.1038/284026a0. PMID 6243748.
- ^ Wilson RM, Douglas CA, Tattersall RB, Reeves WG (September 1985). "Immunogenicity of highly purified bovine insulin: a comparison with conventional bovine and highly purified human insulins". Diabetologia 28 (9): 667–70. doi:10.1007/BF00291973. PMID 3905477.
- ^ Tanyolac S, Goldfine ID, Kroon L. "Insulin Pharmacology, Type of Regimens and Adjustments". Endotext.com. http://www.endotext.org/diabetes/diabetes17/diabetes17.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
- ^ Home PD, Alberti KG (November 1982). "The new insulins. Their characteristics and clinical indications". Drugs 24 (5): 401–13. PMID 6756879.
- ^ Gray RS, Cowan P, di Mario U, Elton RA, Clarke BF, Duncan LJ (June 1985). "Influence of insulin antibodies on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of recombinant human and highly purified beef insulins in insulin dependent diabetics". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 290 (6483): 1687–91. doi:10.1136/bmj.290.6483.1687. PMC 1416075. PMID 3924216. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1416075/.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Effect of shift work on the development of metabolic syndrome after 3 years in Japanese male workers.
- Kawada T, Otsuka T.SourceDepartment of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. kawada@nms.ac.jp
- Archives of environmental & occupational health.Arch Environ Occup Health.2014;69(1):55-61. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2012.732123.
- A 3-year follow-up study of an occupational cohort was conducted to clarify the effect of the type of shift work on the risk of development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The subjects were 1,677 Japanese male employees aged 36 to 57. Age, each component of MetS, serum uric acid, serum insulin, lifest
- PMID 23930797
- Carbohydrate metabolism during vertebrate appendage regeneration: What is its role? How is it regulated?: A postulation that regenerating vertebrate appendages facilitate glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways to fuel macromolecule biosynthesis.
- Love NR, Ziegler M, Chen Y, Amaya E.SourceDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Japan.
- BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.Bioessays.2014 Jan;36(1):27-33. doi: 10.1002/bies.201300110. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
- We recently examined gene expression during Xenopus tadpole tail appendage regeneration and found that carbohydrate regulatory genes were dramatically altered during the regeneration process. In this essay, we speculate that these changes in gene expression play an essential role during regeneration
- PMID 24264888
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2/-4 upregulation promoted by endothelial cells in coculture enhances mouse embryoid body differentiation.
- Talavera-Adame D, Gupta A, Kurtovic S, Chaiboonma KL, Arumugaswami V, Dafoe DC.Source1 Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center , Los Angeles, California.
- Stem cells and development.Stem Cells Dev.2013 Dec 15;22(24):3252-60. doi: 10.1089/scd.2013.0013. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
- Endothelial cells (ECs) provide inductive signals for cell differentiation in vivo. However, it is unknown if these cells promote such differentiation in vitro and the signals involved. We investigated whether ECs are able to enhance the differentiation of the three germ layers and the underlying me
- PMID 23924071
Japanese Journal
- The association between impaired proinsulin processing and type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-obese Japanese individuals
- A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anagliptin in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes
- The association between impaired proinsulin processing and type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-obese Japanese individuals
Related Links
- インタクトプロインスリン/インスリン比(Intact Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio) プロインスリンは、インスリンの前駆物質であり、86個のアミノ酸からなるポリペプチドである。通常、膵β細胞内のトランスゴルジネットワークから出たプロ ...
- proinsulin [pro-in´soo -lin] a precursor of insulin, having low biologic activity. pro·in·su·lin (prō-in'sŭ-lin), A single-chain precursor of insulin. proinsulin /pro·in·su·lin/ (-in´su-lin) a precursor of insulin, having low biologic activity. pro·in·su·lin
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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- 英
- proinsulin
- 関
- プロインスリン
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- 英
- proinsulin
- 関
- インスリン
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プレプロインスリン、プレプロインシュリン