WordNet

of or relating to or suitable as a profession; "professional organizations"; "a professional field such as law"
an athlete who plays for pay (同)pro
a person engaged in one of the learned professions (同)professional person
characteristic of or befitting a profession or one engaged in a profession; "professional conduct"; "professional ethics"; "a thoroughly professional performance"
engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means of livelihood; "the professional man or woman possesses distinctive qualifications"; "began her professional career after the Olympics"; "professional theater"; "professional football"; "a professional cook"; "professional actors and athletes"
engaged in by members of a profession; "professional occupations include medicine and the law and teaching"
of or relating to a profession; "we need professional advice"; "professional training"; "professional equipment for his new office"
a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully
practices one branch of medicine (同)medical specialist
an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning (同)specializer, specialiser
the relation that exists when one person requests and is granted professional help from a qualified source
an organization of and for professional people (同)professional organisation
football played for pay
playing golf for money
an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion; "a profession of disagreement" (同)professing
affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith; "a profession of Christianity"
the body of people in a learned occupation; "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession"; "they formed a community of scientists"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『専門職の』;(一般に)職業の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》専門職に従事する;専門食の訓練を受けた / (また《話》『pro』)『本職の』,プロの / 職業人;(特に)専門職にたずさわる人 / (また《話》『pro』)『職業選手』
(…の)『専門家』,『熟練者』,大家《+『at(in, on)』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (米陸軍で)特級射手 / (特定の知識・技術に)『熟達した』,熟練の,名手の / 専門家の(による),権威のある
専門家 / 専門医
専門,専攻 / 特色,特性 / 特製品,特別品
〈C〉『専門職』;(一般に)職業 / 《the~》《集合的に》『同業者たち』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…を)公言(明言,宣言)すること《+『of』+『名』》 / (…への)信仰の告白《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/07 02:29:00」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Doctors in many Western countries take the Hippocratic Oath upon entering the profession, as a symbol of their commitment to upholding a number of ethical and moral standards.

A professional is a member of a profession. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform the role of that profession. In addition, most professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations. Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations. Some definitions of "professional" limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest ^[1] and the general good of society.^[2]^[3]

In some cultures, the term is used as shorthand to describe a particular social stratum of well-educated workers who enjoy considerable work autonomy and who are commonly engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Trades

In narrow usage, not all expertise is considered a profession. Although sometimes referred to as professions, occupations such as skilled construction and maintenance work are more generally thought of as trades or crafts. The completion of an apprenticeship is generally associated with skilled labor or trades such as carpenter, electrician, mason, painter, plumber and other similar occupations. A related distinction would be that a professional does mainly mental work, as opposed to engaging in physical work.

Theory

Although professional training appears to be ideologically neutral, it may be biased towards those with higher class backgrounds and a formal education.^{[citation needed]} In his 2000 book, Disciplined Minds: A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System that Shapes Their Lives, Jeff Schmidt observes that qualified professionals are less creative and diverse in their opinions and habits than non-professionals, which he attributes to the subtle indoctrination and filtering which accompanies the process of professional training. His evidence is both qualitative and quantitative, including professional examinations, industry statistics and personal accounts of trainees and professionals.^[8] A study on journalistic professionalism argued that professionalism is a combination of two factors, secondary socialization of journalists in the workplace and the fetishization of journalistic norms and standards.^[9] In this way, undesirable traits in new employees can be weeded out, and remaining employees are free to cynically criticize their professional norms as long as they keep working and following them. The latter concept adapted from philosopher Slavoj Žižek and his concept of ideology.^[10]

Etymology

The etymology and historical meaning of the term professional seems to indicate an individual whose philosophy and habits have been conditioned by a professor.^{[citation needed]} So, a professional is the follower of a professor. Plumbers are therefore not considered professionals. While they certainly make a living doing what they do, with a particular expertise, and with a certain expectation of manners, plumbers do not acquire their skills through a professor, or even through a professional professor. They learn from private firms that distribute the knowledge, or they learn from friendly association with a master plumber.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to People by occupation.

^ Harvey, L.; Mason, S.; Ward, R. (1995). Role of Professional Bodies in Higher Education Quality Monitoring. Birmingham: Quality in Higher Education Project. ISBN 1-85920-108-3.
^ Sullivan, William M. (2nd ed. 2005). Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America. Jossey Bass.
^ Gardner, Howard and Shulman, Lee S., The Professions in America Today: Crucial but Fragile. Daedalus, Summer 2005. (pgs. 13-14)
^ Gilbert, D. (1998). The American class structure: In an age of growing inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
^ Beeghley, L. (2004). The structure of social stratification in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
^ Eichar, D. (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26111-4
^ Ehrenreich, B. (1989). Fear of falling: The inner life of the middle class. New York: Harper Prennial.
^ Schmidt, Jeff, 2000, Disciplined Minds - A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System that Shapes their Lives, Rowman & Littlefield, pp.293.
^ Hearns-Branaman, Jesse Owen (2013). "Journalistic professionalism as indirect control and fetishistic disavowal Journalism". Jou.sagepub.com.
^ Žižek, Slavoj, 1989, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London, Verso)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 患者向け健康情報リソースガイド guide to health information resources for patients
2. 患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient
3. 幼児における在宅医療用心肺モニターの使用 use of home cardiorespiratory monitors in infants
4. 抗原提示細胞 antigen presenting cells
5. インフォームドコンセント informed consent

English Journal

Increased flavour diversity of Chardonnay wines by spontaneous fermentation and co-fermentation with Hanseniaspora vineae.

Medina K, Boido E, Fariña L, Gioia O, Gomez ME, Barquet M, Gaggero C, Dellacassa E, Carrau F.SourceEnology Section, Food Science and Technology Department, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la Republica, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Dec 1;141(3):2513-21. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.056. Epub 2013 Apr 30.
Discovery, characterisation and use of novel yeast strains for winemaking is increasingly regarded as a way for improving quality and to provide variation, including subtle characteristic differences in fine wines. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a native apiculate strain, sele
PMID 23870989

The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities.

Parker CJ, May A, Mitchell V.SourceLoughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. Electronic address: C.Parker@lboro.ac.uk.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2013 Nov;44(6):886-94. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.013. Epub 2012 Jul 12.
This paper explored the question of how volunteered and professional geographic information (VGI and PGI) can be used together in an outdoor recreation context. In particular, consideration is given to what makes each information source valuable to the user, and how this can be used to help develope
PMID 22795180

The process of validation of a three-dimensional model for the identification of abuse in older adults.

Cohen M.SourceDepartment of Gerontology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: cohenm@research.haifa.ac.il.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2013 Nov-Dec;57(3):243-9. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.06.009. Epub 2013 Jul 20.
Professional screening for abuse among older persons has been suggested as an efficient way to reach more individuals who are experiencing abuse, but effective screening depends on the use of succinct, structured and validated tools. The aim of the paper is to describe a process of constructing and
PMID 23876433

Quality of life (QoL) in community-dwelling and institutionalized Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

León-Salas B, Olazarán J, Cruz-Orduña I, Agüera-Ortiz L, Dobato JL, Valentí-Soler M, Muñiz R, González-Salvador MT, Martínez-Martín P.SourceAlzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofia Foundation, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: bleon@fundacioncien.es.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2013 Nov-Dec;57(3):257-62. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.04.013. Epub 2013 May 22.
The purpose of this study was to describe and compare QoL and its determinants in two groups of patients with AD that differed in place of residence: community or nursing home. This study covered 200 patients with AD (mean age 79.3±8.2 years, 74% female). Fifty-four per cent of the subjects were li
PMID 23706270

Japanese Journal

大学で囲碁を学ぶ

吉原由香里
情報処理 54(12), 2013-11-15
NAID 110009625645

身体部位動作の合成システムを用いた現代舞踊の創作支援〜ノートPCとタブレットの学習効果の比較〜

海野敏,曽我麻佐子,平山素子
情報処理学会研究報告. ITS, [高度交通システム] 2013-ITS-55(19), 1-6, 2013-11-07
プロダンサーの実演から収集した 3D モーションデータを用いて現代舞踊 (コンテンポラリーダンス) の振付創作を支援するシステムを開発し,ノート PC とタブレット端末へ実装した.この創作支援システムを用いれば,複数の身体部位動作を自由なタイミングで合成させ,合成の結果を CG アニメーションでリアルタイムにシミュレーションすることができる.創作支援システムの学習効果を分析するため,現代舞踊の振付 …
NAID 110009624121

身体部位動作の合成システムを用いた現代舞踊の創作支援〜ノートPCとタブレットの学習効果の比較〜

海野敏,曽我麻佐子,平山素子
情報処理学会研究報告. MBL, [モバイルコンピューティングとユビキタス通信研究会研究報告] 2013-MBL-68(19), 1-6, 2013-11-07
プロダンサーの実演から収集した 3D モーションデータを用いて現代舞踊 (コンテンポラリーダンス) の振付創作を支援するシステムを開発し,ノート PC とタブレット端末へ実装した.この創作支援システムを用いれば,複数の身体部位動作を自由なタイミングで合成させ,合成の結果を CG アニメーションでリアルタイムにシミュレーションすることができる.創作支援システムの学習効果を分析するため,現代舞踊の振付 …
NAID 110009624100

専門看護師(CNS)における職務上の自律性測定尺度の開発

菊池昭江
国際医療福祉大学学会誌 18(2), 22-35, 2013-10-31
【目的】CNSにおける自律性測定尺度を作成し,その構造的特徴を明らかにする.【方法】CNS認定者545名を対象に質問紙調査を実施した.【結果】回答者212名(38.9%),有効回答205名(96.7%).因子分析の結果,CNSの自律性は"倫理調整・ケア相談能力","他職種間調整・管理運営相談能力","看護研究の実践・活用能力"のCNS役割行動3因子,"ケアプランニング能力","クリティカルケア・総 …
NAID 110009625556

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「専門家」「expert」「specialist」「専門」「specialty」
拡張検索	「professional antigen-presenting cell」「health care professional」
関連記事	「profession」