Prehypertension
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796.2 |
Prehypertension is an American classification for cases where a person's blood pressure is elevated above normal but not to the level considered to be hypertension (high blood pressure). Prehypertension is considered to be blood pressure readings with a systolic pressure from 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg. Readings greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg are considered hypertension. Classification of blood pressure is based upon two or more readings at two or more separate occasions separated by at least one week. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) proposed the new labeling for elevated blood pressure values below 140/90 to more accurately communicate the tendency of blood pressure to rise with age.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Prevalence
- 2 Etiology
- 3 Risk factors
- 4 Symptoms
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 Treatment
- 6.1 Diet
- 6.2 Supplements
- 6.3 Monitoring
- 7 Home monitoring of prehypertension
- 8 See also
- 9 References
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Prevalence
Data from the 1999 and 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) estimated that the prevalence of prehypertension among adults in the United States was approximately 31 percent.[2] The prevalence was higher among men than women (39 and 23 percent, respectively).[3]
Etiology
Elevated blood pressure develops gradually over many years usually without a specific identifiable cause. However, possible medical causes, such as medications, kidney disease, adrenal problems or thyroid problems, must first be excluded. High blood pressure that develops over time without a specific cause is considered benign or essential hypertension. Blood pressure also tends to increase as a person ages.
Risk factors
A primary risk factor for prehypertension is being overweight. Other risk factors include a family history of hypertension, a sedentary lifestyle, eating high sodium foods, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake. Blood pressure levels appear to be familial, but there is no clear genetic pattern.
Symptoms
Prehypertension is often asymptomatic (without symptoms) at the time of diagnosis. Only extremely elevated blood pressure (malignant hypertension) can, in rare cases, cause headaches, visual changes, fatigue, or dizziness, but these are nonspecific symptoms which can occur with many other conditions. Thus, blood pressures above normal can go undiagnosed for a long period of time.
Prognosis
People with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing hypertension, or high blood pressure, compared to people with normal blood pressure.[4]
Similar to hypertension, prehypertension can increase the risk for heart attacks, strokes, congestive heart failure, and renal failure.[5][6] Researchers found that a prehypertensive person is more than three times more likely to have a heart attack and 1.7 times more likely to have heart disease than a person with normal blood pressure.[7]
Treatment
To lower the risk of prehypertension progressing to hypertension, modification of lifestyle or behaviors is necessary.
Diet
A low-fat, low-sodium, high potassium diet (e.g. DASH diet) is recommended, along with increasing physical activity to at least thirty minutes a day most days of the week, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and maintaining a healthy weight.[8]
Some research indicates that the link between low-fat, low-sodium diets may have little to no effect on treating hypertension, particularly in cases of diabetics.[9] There are also links to high-carbohydrate diets heavy in refined carbohydrates (sugar, corn syrup, white flour) as potential sources for increases in blood pressure.[10] Recent research has found that low carbohydrate diets can lower weight and blood pressure in manners similar to medications.[11]
Foods rich in potassium include orange juice, potatoes, bananas, avocados, cantaloupes, tomatoes, broccoli, soybeans, brown rice, garlic and apricots, although it is also abundant in most fruits, vegetables and meats.
Supplements
Several studies have found that hibiscus tea has a substantial antihypertensive effect attributable to the flower's ACE-inhibiting anthocyanin content, and possibly to a diuretic effect. One study found that hibiscus conferred an antihypertensive effect comparable to 50 mg./day of the drug captopril.[12][13][14][15][16][17]
Monitoring
Careful monitoring for signs of end-organ damage or progression to hypertension is an important part of the follow-up of patients with prehypertension. Any change in blood pressure classification should be confirmed on at least one subsequent visit.
The major indication for pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy is progression to hypertension. The threshold is lower in patients with diabetes, chronic renal failure, or cardiovascular disease.[18] The target blood pressure for these conditions is currently less than 120/80 mm Hg.
Home monitoring of prehypertension
Home monitoring of blood pressure can be used to monitor and track prehypertensive patients. This can help to raise the awareness of the patient and their doctor if their blood pressure levels rise to hypertensive levels. Home monitoring can help to avoid white coat hypertension which results in blood pressure levels being elevated due to the presence of a doctor or physician in a ‘white coat’. Monitoring at home or work at regular times each day will help to diagnose a patient with prehypertension or hypertension.
The American Heart Association website[19] says, "You may have what's called 'white coat hypertension'; that means your blood pressure goes up when you're at the doctor's office. Monitoring at home will help you measure your true blood pressure and can provide your doctor with a log of blood pressure measurements over time. This is helpful in diagnosing and preventing potential health problems."
People using home blood pressure monitoring devices are increasingly also making use of blood pressure charting software. These charting methods provide print outs for the patient's physician and reminders to check blood pressure.
See also
- Hypertension
- Blood pressure
- Antihypertensive
- Pulse pressure
References
- ^ Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. (May 2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report". JAMA 289 (19): 2560–72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. PMID 12748199.
- ^ http://www.uptodate.com. Prehypertension and Borderline Hypertension, Nov 15, 2007
- ^ Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB et al. (February 2007). "Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative". Circulation 115 (7): 855–60. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.656850. PMID 17309936. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17309936.
- ^ National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/hbp/whathbp.htm)
- ^ Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y (September 2005). "Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?". Stroke 36 (9): 1859–63. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000177495.45580.f1. PMID 16081866. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16081866.
- ^ Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP et al. (November 2001). "Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (18): 1291–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa003417. PMID 11794147. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11794147&promo=ONFLNS19.
- ^ American Heart Association (2005, August 6). Prehypertension Triples Heart Attack Risk
- ^ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prehypertension
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/Good-Calories-Bad-Gary-Taubes/dp/1400040787
- ^ http://americanheart.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=829
- ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=112679
- ^ Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi BA, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Fatehi F, Noori-Shadkam M (January 2009). "The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes". J Hum Hypertens 23 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.100. PMID 18685605. http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/full/jhh2008100a.html.
- ^ McKay DL, Chen CY, Saltzman E, Blumberg JB (February 2010). "Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults". J. Nutr. 140 (2): 298–303. doi:10.3945/jn.109.115097. PMID 20018807. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/140/2/298.
- ^ "AHA 2008: Hibiscus Tea Reduces Blood Pressure". 11 November 2008. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/583351.
- ^ "Hibiscus Tea Lowers Blood Pressure". 19 November 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wts2HHW1AdM.
- ^ Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P et al. (January 2007). "Clinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trial". Planta Med. 73 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957065. PMID 17315307. http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2006-957065.
- ^ Herrera-Arellano A, Flores-Romero S, Chávez-Soto MA, Tortoriello J (July 2004). "Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial". Phytomedicine 11 (5): 375–82. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2004.04.001. PMID 15330492.
- ^ Sipahi I, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P et al. (August 2006). "Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (4): 833–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.045. PMID 16904557. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(06)01537-3.
- ^ American Heart Association website
