politician

• 政治家

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. a person active in party politics (同)politico, pol, political leader
2. a leader engaged in civil administration
3. a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways
4. a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends (同)ward-heeler, political hack, hack

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『政治家』 / (利権をあさる)政略家,政治屋

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/01 13:21:35」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

政治家（せいじか）とは、職業として政治に携わっている者のことである。

概要

G20

政治家とは、古代の君主、領主、閣僚、議員のほか、古代におけるあらゆる政体、地位、勢力、信任あるいは戦争による勝利に基づき権力を掌握した人々、または執政にあたった人々を指す。

近代以降の代表民主政治のもとでの政治家は、なんらかの「代表」である、ということによって正当性を賦与されている。

職業としての政治

マックス・ヴェーバーは、「政治家の本領は『党派性』と『闘争』である」と指摘している。

政治家のクオリティ

ヴェーバーは、『職業としての政治』政治家にクオリティ(Qualitäten)として次の三つを挙げている。

1. 情熱 （Leidenschaft） : Sacheへの情熱
2. 責任感 （Verantwortungsgefühl）
3. 目（Augenmaß） : 距離をおくこと

大衆に対しての有害な不作為

中華人民共和国の建国者となった毛沢東は「政治家が大衆に接するときに生じやすい有害な不作為」を1937年発表の論文のなかで触れ、次のように例示している。

1. 宣伝をしないこと
2. 扇動をしないこと
3. 演説をしないこと
4. 調査をしないこと
5. 大衆の事情を聞かないこと
6. 大衆の苦楽に関心をよせないこと

日本

現代の日本では、「衆議院議員、参議院議員並びに地方公共団体の議会の議員及び長の職」（国会議員、地方議員、地方首長）は公職選挙法の適用対象となる公職とされ、公職にある者、公職の候補者または候補者となろうとする者が政治家の代表的な存在である。

副知事、副市長、民間人閣僚、政治を志している人（政治活動家）も政治家と呼んで差し支えない。行政において裁量権を持つ高級官僚は、一般に「行政家」（もしくは行政官）と呼ばれ政治家に含めないことが多いが、広義の意味では政治家に含める場合がある（明治憲法下での貴族院勅選議員の大半もこのような高級官僚出身者であり、厳密な意味で「政治家」なのか否かについては曖昧である。

また政治よりもお金や権力など利権を得ることに熱心と思われる政治家を揶揄して「政治屋（せいじや）」と呼ぶこともある。日本の政治家の中に、特定の業界の単なる代理人でしかない者や暴力団と深いつながりを持っている者がいることも、こうした揶揄を生む理由となっている。

近年では、親族や親戚の後を継承した世襲政治家や、タレントとしての知名度を武器に当選したタレント政治家の割合が増えつつあるが、このような形で政治家となることに疑問を呈する意見もある。高い知名度のある人を国会議員に当選させ採決要員とする政党のスタンスが問題だとの指摘もある。

なお、比喩として、政治的な感性のある人、あるいは巧妙な言動を取る人に対して政治家と呼ぶ場合もある。

脚注

関連項目

• 選挙
• 国会 - 衆議院 - 参議院
• 政党 - 与党 - 野党
• 大臣 - 内閣総理大臣 - 国務大臣
• 女性政治家
• 世襲政治家
  • 親族関係にある政治家一覧
• 陣笠議員
• 都道府県知事 - 市町村長 - 特別区区長
• 日本の総理大臣一覧
• 日本の国会議員一覧

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see The Politician (disambiguation).

Part of a series on
Politics
Primary topics Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy
Political systems Anarchism City-state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directorialism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Semi-presidential Theocracy
Academic disciplines Political science (political scientists) International relations (theory) Comparative politics
Public administration Bureaucracy (street-level) Adhocracy
Policy Public policy (doctrine) Public interest Foreign policy
Organs of government Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Electoral branch
Related topics Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations
Subseries Electoral systems Elections (voting) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties
Politics portal

A politician, political leader, or political figure (from Classical Greek πόλις, "polis") is a person who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making. This includes people who hold decision-making positions in government, and people who seek those positions, whether by means of election, inheritance, coup d'état, appointment, conquest, or other means. They create or propose laws and policies. Politics is not limited to governance through public office. Political offices may also be held in corporations. In civil uprisings, politicians may be called freedom fighters. In media campaigns, politicians are often referred to as activists.

Considered a politician

People who are politically active, especially in party politics. A person holding or seeking political office whether elected or appointed, whether professionally or otherwise. Positions range from local offices to executive, legislative and judicial offices of state and national governments. Some law enforcement officers, such as sheriffs, are considered politicians.

Public choice theory

Public choice theory involves the use of modern economic tools to study problems that are traditionally in the province of political science. (A more general term is "political economy", an earlier name for "economics" that evokes its practical and theoretical origins, but it should not be mistaken for the Marxian use of the same term.)

In particular, it studies the behavior of voters, politicians, and government officials as (mostly) self-interested agents and their interactions in the social system either as such or under alternative constitutional rules. These can be represented a number of ways, including standard constrained utility maximization, game theory, or decision theory. Public choice analysis has roots in positive analysis ("what is"), but is often used for normative purposes ("what ought to be"), to identify a problem or suggest how a system could be improved by changes in constitutional rules. A key formulation of public choice theory is in terms of rational choice, the agent-based proportioning of scarce means to given ends. An overlapping formulation with a different focus is positive political theory. Another related field is social choice theory.

There are also Austrian variants of public choice theory (suggested by Mises, Hayek, Kirzner, Lopez, and Boettke) in which it is assumed that bureaucrats and politicians are benevolent, but have access to limited information.

Criticism

There have been some publishers who criticised politicians for being out of touch with the public. Areas of friction include the manner in which politicians speak, which have been described as too formal with too many euphemistic and metaphorical expressions, and is commonly perceived as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse".

See also

• Mandate (politics)
• Party platform
• Political party
• Political spectrum
• Statesman

References

• Welch, Susan, John Gruhl, John Comer, and Susan M. Rigdon. Understanding American Government. 8th ed. Belmont, USA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2006
• "Merriam Webster Online Dictionary" Definition of politician 5 June 2006

External links

• The dictionary definition of politician at Wiktionary
• Quotations related to Politician at Wikiquote

English Journal

• German politician and psychiatrist face manslaughter charges for their role in assisted suicide deaths.

• Stafford N.
• BMJ (Clinical research ed.).BMJ.2014 May 16;348:g3358. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3358.
• PMID 24838352

• John Herbert Hovell (1910-1988), TD, MRCS, LRCP, FRCS, FDSRCS (Eng), FFD (Ire), DOrth.

• Gelbier S.
• Journal of medical biography.J Med Biogr.2014 May 15. pii: 0967772013506803. [Epub ahead of print]
• When the author studied at the Royal Dental Hospital from 1957 to 1961, John Hovell was a highly respected teacher and consultant, very popular with both patients and undergraduates. Hovell uniquely practised two widely different specialties at consultant level: oral surgery and orthodontics. Moreov
• PMID 24833538

• Face-specific capacity limits under perceptual load do not depend on holistic processing.

• Thoma V.
• Psychonomic bulletin & review.Psychon Bull Rev.2014 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]
• Previous observations that face recognition may proceed automatically, without drawing on attentional resources, have been challenged by recent demonstrations that only a few faces can be processed at one time. However, a question remains about the nature of the stimulus properties that underlie fac
• PMID 24793680

• Pseudobulbar paralysis in the Renaissance: Cosimo I de' Medici case.

• Arba F1, Inzitari D, Lippi D.
• Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology.Neurol Sci.2014 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
• Cosimo I de' Medici (1519-1574) was the first Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was one of the most important members of the Medici family. He was an excellent conqueror and a good politician. Moreover, he was able to attract and encourage artists, scientists and architects to promote Florence as the cultur
• PMID 24604411

Japanese Journal

• 大学生における政治家の知名度 : 情報飽和時代の偏重の影響

• 海後 宗男,大倉 沙江,李 菁菁 [他]
• 国際日本研究 = International and advanced Japanese studies 7, 121-128, 2015-03
• NAID 40020428688

• 中学校における歴史人物学習の可能性 : 教科書分析と授業開発を手がかりに

• 竹中 伸夫
• 熊本大学教育実践研究 32, 21-29, 2015-02-27
• … And I developed the lessons accepted the four prefectures, "Tsunayosi Tokugawa - Is he the fifth Tokugawa Shogun loved enthusiastically only the dog, or the politician promoting the principles of civilian government? …
• NAID 110009884114

• ケネディ大統領就任演説日本語訳に関する若干の考察 : 政治家的視点からの試訳

• 浜本 宏
• 芦屋大学論叢 (62), 71-81, 2015
• NAID 40020367036

• Congratulatory address

• Yano Ushio
• バイオフィリア 2015(1), 6-6, 2015
• … And the campaign should enable the innovation as a seed.", "It can be predicted that laboriousness and the length in order to reach the purpose." and "There is a necessity to deal with it from the viewpoint of philanthropy without fearing a result although it is very difficult for him to return to "politician." and "As a conclusion, he explained that he had committed himself to live with a social contribution in his school days." Although there wasn't any doctor in the study group till then, it was a weakness of an implementation of the study. …
• NAID 130005087709

Related Links

• Politician - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A politician, political leader, or political figure (from Greek "polis") is someone who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making. This includes people who hold decision-making positions in government, and people who seek ...

• Politician | Define Politician at Dictionary.com

/ˌpɒlɪˈtɪʃən/ Show Spelled[pol-i-tish-uhn] Show IPA. noun. 1. a person who is active in party politics. 2. a seeker or holder of public office, who is more concerned about winning favor or retaining power than about maintaining principles. 3.

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