有毒な

関: toxic、venomous

WordNet

not safe to eat
having the qualities or effects of a poison (同)toxicant
marked by deep ill will; deliberately harmful; "poisonous hate"; "venomous criticism"; "vicious gossip" (同)venomous, vicious
of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison; "suffering from exposure to toxic substances"
safe to eat (同)non-poisonous, nontoxic
not producing poison (同)non-poisonous
a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used
a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism
an agaric regarded as poisonous (同)Lepiota morgani
in a very malevolent manner (同)venomously

PrepTutorEJDIC

『有毒な』,毒を含む / 有害な;(精神的に)人を害する / 悪意のある,意地の悪い / 不快な,いやな
毒性の,有毒な / 毒による
(動物が)毒液を出す / 毒のある,有毒な / (言葉・行為などが)悪意に満ちた,陰険な / 《時におどけて》いやな,不快な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/28 14:03:45」(JST)

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The EU's standard toxic symbol, as defined by Directive 67/548/EEC. The skull and crossbones has long been a standard symbol for poison.

In the context of biology, poisons are substances that cause disturbances to organisms,^[1] usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism. The fields of medicine (particularly veterinary) and zoology often distinguish a poison from a toxin, and from a venom. Toxins are poisons produced by some biological function in nature, and venoms are usually defined as toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect, while other poisons are generally defined as substances absorbed through epithelial linings such as the skin or gut.

Poisons are most often applied in industry, agriculture and other uses for other reasons than their toxicity. Pesticides are one application where they are indeed used for their toxicity.

Terminology

The term "poison" is often used colloquially to describe any harmful substance, particularly corrosive substances, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and harmful pollutants, and to exaggerate the dangers of chemicals. Paracelsus (1493-1541), the father of toxicology, once wrote: "Everything is poison, there is poison in everything. Only the dose makes a thing not a poison"^[2] (see median lethal dose). The law defines "poison" more strictly. Substances that are not legally required to carry the label "poison" can also cause a medical condition of poisoning.

Some poisons are also toxins, usually referring to naturally produced substances, such as the bacterial proteins that cause tetanus and botulism. A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists. The derivative forms "toxic" and "poisonous" are synonymous.

Animal poisons that are delivered subcutaneously (e.g. by sting or bite) are also called venom. In normal usage, a poisonous organism is one that is harmful to consume, but a venomous organism uses poison (venom) to kill its prey or defend itself while still alive. A single organism can be both poisonous and venomous.

In nuclear physics, a poison is a substance that obstructs or inhibits a nuclear reaction. For an example, see nuclear poison.

Environmentally hazardous substances are not necessarily poisons and vice versa. For example, food-industry wastewater—which may contain potato juice or milk—can be hazardous to the ecosystems of streams and rivers by consuming oxygen and causing eutrophication, but is nonhazardous to humans and not classified as a poison.

Biologically speaking, any substance, if given in large enough amounts, is poisonous and can cause death. For instance, several kilograms worth of water would constitute a lethal dose. Many substances used as medications - such as fentanyl - have an LD50 only one order of magnitude greater than the ED50. An alternative classification would distinguish between lethal substances that provide a therapeutic value and those that do not.

Poisoning

Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time. Symptoms develop in close relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning. In contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye, are classified as corrosives rather than poisons. Furthermore, many common household medications are not labeled with skull and crossbones, although they can cause severe illness or even death. In the medical sense, poisoning can be caused by less dangerous substances than those receiving the legal classification of "poison".

Chronic poisoning is long-term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure. The patient gradually becomes ill, or becomes ill after a long latent period. Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate, or are biomagnified, such as mercury and lead.

Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so-called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry.

Inhaled or ingested cyanide, used as a method of execution in gas chambers, almost instantly starves the body of energy by inhibiting the enzymes in mitochondria that make ATP. Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the execution of prisoners in parts of the United States, quickly stops the heart by eliminating the cell potential necessary for muscle contraction.

Most biocides, including pesticides, are created to act as poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organisms, including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms. For example, the herbicide 2,4-D imitates the action of a plant hormone, to the effect that the lethal toxicity is specific to plants. Indeed, 2,4-D is not a poison, but classified as "harmful" (EU).

Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication. An example is "wood alcohol" or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals.

Toxicology is the study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis of biological poisoning.

Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon.

Management

Initial management for all poisonings includes ensuring adequate cardiopulmonary function and providing treatment for any symptoms such as seizures, shock, and pain.
Poisons that have been injected (e.g. from the sting of poisonous animals) can be treated by binding the affected body part with a pressure bandage and by placing the affected body part in hot water (with a temperature of 50 °C). The pressure bandage makes sure the poison is not pumped throughout the body and the hot water breaks down the poison. This treatment however only works with poisons that are composed of protein-molecules.^[3]
In the majority of poisonings the mainstay of management is providing supportive care for the patient, i.e. treating the symptoms rather than the poison.

Decontamination

Treatment of a recently ingested poison may involve gastric decontamination to decrease absorption. Gastric decontamination can involve activated charcoal, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or nasogastric aspiration. Routine use of emetics (syrup of Ipecac), cathartics or laxatives are no longer recommended.
- Activated charcoal is the treatment of choice to prevent poison absorption. It is usually administered when the patient is in the emergency room or by a trained emergency healthcare provider such as a Paramedic or EMT. However, charcoal is ineffective against metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, and alcohols and glycols; it is also not recommended for ingestion of corrosive chemicals such as acids and alkalis.^[4]
- Whole bowel irrigation cleanses the bowel. This is achieved by giving the patient large amounts of a polyethylene glycol solution. The osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol solution is not absorbed into the body, having the effect of flushing out the entire gastrointestinal tract. Its major uses are following ingestion of sustained release drugs, toxins that are not absorbed by activated charcoal (i.e. lithium, iron), and for the removal of ingested packets of drugs (body packing/smuggling).^[5]
- Gastric lavage, commonly known as a stomach pump, is the insertion of a tube into the stomach, followed by administration of water or saline down the tube. The liquid is then removed along with the contents of the stomach. Lavage has been used for many years as a common treatment for poisoned patients. However, a recent review of the procedure in poisonings suggests no benefit.^[6] It is still sometimes used if it can be performed within 1 hour of ingestion and the exposure is potentially life-threatening.
- Nasogastric aspiration involves the placement of a tube via the nose down into the stomach, the stomach contents are then removed by suction. This procedure is mainly used for liquid ingestions where activated charcoal is ineffective, e.g. ethylene glycol poisoning.
- Emesis (i.e. induced by ipecac) is no longer recommended in poisoning situations, because vomiting is ineffective at removing poisons.^[7]
- Cathartics were postulated to decrease absorption by increasing the expulsion of the poison from the gastrointestinal tract. There are two types of cathartics used in poisoned patients; saline cathartics (sodium sulfate, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate) and saccharide cathartics (sorbitol). They do not appear to improve patient outcome and are no longer recommended.^[8]

Antidotes

Some poisons have specific antidotes:

Poison	Antidote
Anticholinergics	Cholinergics (and vice-versa)
Antipsychotics such as haldol and/or risperidone	Ropinirole or Bromocryptine (and vice-versa)
Atropine and/or scopolamine	Physostigmine
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates	Flumazenil
Beta-Blockers (Propranolol, Sotalol, etc.)	Calcium Gluconate and/or Glucagon. Salbutamol is also used (and vice-versa)
Caffeine and other xanthines	Adenosine (and vice-versa)
Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil, Diltiazem)	Calcium gluconate
Cyanide	Amyl nitrite/sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate or hydroxocobalamin
Ethylene glycol	Ethanol or fomepizole, and thiamine
Hydrofluoric acid	Calcium Gluconate
Iron (and other heavy metals)	Desferrioxamine, deferasirox or deferiprone
Isoniazid	Pyridoxine
Magnesium	Calcium Gluconate
Methanol	Ethanol or fomepizole, and folinic acid
Nicotine	Bupropion and other ganglion blockers
Opioids	Naloxone
Organophosphates	Atropine and Pralidoxime
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)	N-acetylcysteine
Thallium	Prussian blue
Vitamin K anticoagulants e.g. warfarin	Vitamin K

Enhanced excretion

In some situations elimination of the poison can be enhanced using diuresis, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, hyperbaric medicine, peritoneal dialysis, exchange transfusion or chelation. However, this may actually worsen the poisoning in some cases, so it should always be verified based on what substances are involved.

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for poisonings per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.^[9]

no data

<10

10–90

90–170

170–250

250–330

330–410

410–490

490–570

570–650

650–700

700–880

>880

In 2010, poisoning resulted in about 180,000 deaths down from 200,000 in 1990.^[10] There were approximately 727,500 emergency department visits in the United States involving poisonings—3.3% of all injury-related encounters.^[11]

Applications

Poisonous compounds may be useful either for their toxicity, or, more often, because of another chemical property, such as specific chemical reactivity. Poisons are widely used in industry and agriculture, as chemical reagents, solvents or complexing reagents, e.g. carbon monoxide, methanol and sodium cyanide, respectively. They are less common in household use, with occasional exceptions such as ammonia and methanol. For instance, phosgene is a highly reactive nucleophile acceptor, which makes it an excellent reagent for polymerizing diols and diamines to produce polycarbonate and polyurethane plastics. For this use, millions of tons are produced annually. However, the same reactivity makes it also highly reactive towards proteins in human tissue and thus highly toxic. In fact, phosgene has been used as a chemical weapon. It can be contrasted with mustard gas, which has only been produced for chemical weapons uses, as it has no particular industrial use.

Biocides need not be poisonous to humans, because they can target metabolic pathways absent in humans, leaving only incidental toxicity. For instance, the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a mimic of a plant growth hormone, which causes uncontrollable growth leading to the death of the plant. Humans and animals, lacking this hormone and its receptor, are unaffected by this, and need to ingest relatively large doses before any toxicity appears. Human toxicity is however hard to avoid with pesticides targeting mammals, such as rodenticides.

The risk from toxicity is also distinct from toxicity itself. For instance, the preservative thiomersal used in vaccines is toxic, but the quantity administered in a single shot is negligible.

History

"Poisoning of Queen Bona" by Jan Matejko.

Throughout human history, intentional application of poison has been used as a method of murder, pest-control, suicide, and execution.^[12]^[13] As a method of execution, poison has been ingested, as the ancient Athenians did (see Socrates), inhaled, as with carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide (see gas chamber), or injected (see lethal injection). Poison's lethal effect can be combined with its allegedly magical powers; an example is the Chinese gu poison. Poison was also employed in gunpowder warfare. For example, the 14th-century Chinese text of the Huolongjing written by Jiao Yu outlined the use of a poisonous gunpowder mixture to fill cast iron grenade bombs.^[14]

References

^ "poison" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Latin: Dosis sola venenum facit. Paracelsus: Von der Besucht, Dillingen, 1567
^ Complete diving manual by Jack Jackson
^ Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005). "Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal". Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43 (2): 61–87. PMID 15822758.
^ "Position paper: whole bowel irrigation". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (6): 843–854. 2004. doi:10.1081/CLT-200035932. PMID 15533024.
^ Vale JA, Kulig K; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist. (2004). "Position paper: gastric lavage". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (7): 933–943. doi:10.1081/CLT-200045006. PMID 15641639.
^ American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres Clinical Toxicologists (2004). "Position paper: Ipecac syrup". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (2): 133–143. doi:10.1081/CLT-120037421. PMID 15214617.
^ Toxicology, American Academy of Clinical (2004). "Position paper: cathartics". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1081/CLT-120039801. PMID 15362590.
^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2004. Retrieved Nov 11, 2009.
^ Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
^ Villaveces A, Mutter R, Owens PL, Barrett ML. Causes of Injuries Treated in the Emergency Department, 2010. HCUP Statistical Brief #156. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. May 2013.[1]
^ Kautilya suggests employing means such as seduction, secret use of weapons, poison etc. S.D. Chamola, Kautilya Arthshastra and the Science of Management: Relevance for the Contemporary Society, p. 40.ISBN 81-7871-126-5.
^ Kautilya urged detailed precautions against assassination—tasters for food, elaborate ways to detect poison. "Moderate Machiavelli? Contrasting The Prince with the Arthashastra of Kautilya". Critical Horizons, vol. 3, no. 2 (September 2002). Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1440-9917 (Print) 1568-5160 (Online).doi:10.1163/156851602760586671.
^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 180.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Poison

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
American Association of Poison Control Centers
American College of Medical Toxicology
Clinical Toxicology Teaching Wiki
Find Your Local Poison Control Centre Here (Worldwide)
Poison Prevention and Education Website
Cochrane Injuries Group, Systematic reviews on the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic injury (including poisoning)
Pick Your Poison—12 Toxic Tales by Cathy Newman

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児での潜在的に毒性を持つ植物の摂取による臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of potentially toxic plant ingestions in children
2. 米国におけるマムシ亜科のヘビ（ガラガラヘビ、ウォーターモカシン［ヌママムシ］またはアメリカマムシ）による咬傷のマネージメント management of crotalinae rattlesnake water moccasin cottonmouth or copperhead bites in the united states
3. 米国におけるコブラ科のヘビ（サンゴヘビ）による咬傷のマネージメント management of elapidae coral snake bites in the united states
4. 世界中でのヘビ咬傷：マネージメント snakebites worldwide management
5. 毒物除去の強化 enhanced elimination of poisons

English Journal

Microcalorimetry coupled with chemometric techniques for toxicity evaluation of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi) and its processed products on Escherichia coli.

Zhao Y, Wang J, Sun X, Jia L, Li J, Shan L, Li R, Liu H, Wang R, Song X, Li Y, Xiao X.Author information China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 100#, the 4th Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China.AbstractAs a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi) is not only efficacious but also poisonous. Its toxicity and processed products should be taken into account and effectively evaluated. In this study, a non-invasive and non-destructive microcalorimetric method was employed to evaluate and compare the toxicity of Fuzi and its three processed products including Yanfupian, Heifupian, and Danfupian on Escherichia coli (E. coli). Some important metabolic information, such as the power-time curves and some quantitative thermokinetic parameters including growth rate constant k, heat output power P, inhibitory ratio I, and half inhibitory concentration IC50, of E. coli growth affected by various concentrations of Fuzi and its processed products were obtained. Combined with chemometric techniques including multivariate analysis of variance and principal component analysis on this information, it could be seen that Fuzi and its processed products could be distinguished according to their toxic effects on E. coli. The IC50 values of 14.6 mg/mL for Fuzi, 59.2 mg/mL for Yanfupian, 118.3 mg/mL for Heifupian, and 182.7 mg/mL for Danfupian illustrated that the sequence of toxicity on E. coli was Fuzi > Yanfupian > Heifupian > Danfupian. This study provided a useful method and idea of the combination of microcalorimetry and chemometrics for studying the toxic effects of TCMs and other substances.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 Jan;98(1):437-44. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5385-9. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
As a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi) is not only efficacious but also poisonous. Its toxicity and processed products should be taken into account and effectively evaluated. In this study, a non-invasive and non-destructive microcalorimetric me
PMID 24257841

Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates lead-induced morphological, photosynthetic, oxidative damages and biochemical changes in cotton.

Bharwana SA, Ali S, Farooq MA, Ali B, Iqbal N, Abbas F, Ahmad MS.Author information Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.AbstractPoisonous lead (Pb), among heavy metals, is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and thus adversely affects physiological processes in plants. We have evaluated how exogenous H2S affects cotton plant physiological attributes and Pb uptake under Pb stress thereby understanding the role of H2S in physiological processes in plants. Two concentrations (0 and 200 μM) of H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) were experimented on cotton plants under Pb stress (0, 50, and 100 μM). Results have shown that Pb stress decreased plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity. On the other hand, Pb stress increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and production of H2O2 and uptake of Pb contents in all three parts of plant, viz. root, stem, and leaf. Application of H2S slightly increased plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity as compared to control. Hydrogen sulfide supply alleviated the toxic effects of lead on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity in cotton plants. Hydrogen sulfide also reduced MDA, EL, and production of H2O2 and endogenous Pb levels in the three mentioned plant parts. On the basis of our results, we conclude that H2S has promotive effects which could improve plant survival under Pb stress.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2014 Jan;21(1):717-31. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-1920-6. Epub 2013 Jul 13.
Poisonous lead (Pb), among heavy metals, is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and thus adversely affects physiological processes in plants. We have evaluated how exogenous H2S affects cotton plant physiological attributes and Pb uptake under Pb stress thereby understanding the
PMID 23852465

Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders.

Kularatne SA1, Senanayake N2.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: samkul@sltnet.lk.2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka.AbstractNeurologic dysfunction due to natural neurotoxins is an important, but neglected, public health hazard in many parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. These toxins are produced by or found among a variety of live forms that include venomous snakes, arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, centipedes, stinging insects (Hymenoptera), ticks, certain poisonous fish, shellfish, crabs, cone shells, skin secretions of dart-poison frogs, and bacterial poisons such as botulinum toxin. These toxins commonly act on neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, but in certain situations the toxins interfere with neurotransmitters such as GABA, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, and γ-aminobutyrate. Of the toxins, α-toxins and κ-toxins (e.g., Chinese krait, Bungarus multicinctus) act on the postsynaptic membrane, blocking the receptors, whilst β-toxin (e.g., common krait, B. caeruleus) acts on the presynaptic membrane, causing impairment of acetylcholine release. Conversely, dendrotoxins of the African mamba enhance acetylcholine release. The toxins of scorpions and spiders commonly interfere with voltage-gated ion channels. Clinically, the cardinal manifestation is muscle paralysis. In severe cases respiratory paralysis could be fatal. Effective antivenoms are the mainstay of treatment of envenoming, but their lack of availability is the major concern in the regions of the globe where they are desperately needed. Interestingly, some toxins have proved to be valuable pharmaceutical agents, while some others are widely exploited to study neuromuscular physiology and pathology.
Handbook of clinical neurology.Handb Clin Neurol.2014;120:987-1001. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00066-8.
Neurologic dysfunction due to natural neurotoxins is an important, but neglected, public health hazard in many parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. These toxins are produced by or found among a variety of live forms that include venomous snakes, arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, cen
PMID 24365366

A single, multi-faceted, enhanced strategy to quantify the chromatographically diverse constituents in the roots of Euphorbia kansui.

Hou JJ, Wu WY, Liang J, Yang Z, Long HL, Cai LY, Fang L, Wang DD, Yao S, Liu X, Jiang BH, Guo DA.Author information Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.AbstractKansui radix is a famous poisonous traditional Chinese medicine. However, due to its different types of constituents with broad polarity, a variety of UV absorptions and lack of the reference standards, it was difficult to simultaneously determine the main component in kanui radix. A single, multi-faceted, enhanced strategy, exogenous reference standard - single standard to determine multi-components method (ERS-SSDMC), was proposed. Thirteen major components of kansui radix, including three jatrophane diterpenoids, eight ingenane diterpenoids and two triterpenes, among which there were three pairs of isomers, were simultaneously assayed. A C8 column, packed with 2.7μm core-shell particles, was optimized to separate these constituents in 25min on HPLC instrument detected at a program wavelength. Ethyl benzoate employed as single exogenous reference standard. The method was fully validated with respect to linearity (r(2)>0.9995), LOQs (0.1-0.4μg/mL), precision, accuracy (92-114%, RSD<4.4%) and stability. The robustness of the method was performed by Plackett-Burmantest tests which eight primary chromatographic parameters were investigated. It was found that the two factors, wavelength and flow rate, should be strictly controlled. A total of 75 batches of kansui radix and its three different processing products were successfully analyzed and discriminated by applying the proposed method. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for the SSDMC method making the simultaneous assay of complex multi-component TCM system achievable.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2014 Jan;88:321-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.049. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
Kansui radix is a famous poisonous traditional Chinese medicine. However, due to its different types of constituents with broad polarity, a variety of UV absorptions and lack of the reference standards, it was difficult to simultaneously determine the main component in kanui radix. A single, multi-f
PMID 24113191