WordNet

able to many things; "multipotent drugs"

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/25 22:18:04」(JST)

wiki en

Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only the morula's cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta.

The potency of a cell specifies its differentiation potential, or potential to differentiate into different cell types.^[1]

Totipotency

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.^[2] Totipotent cells include spores and zygotes. ^[3] In some organisms, cells can dedifferentiate and regain totipotency. For example, a plant cutting or callus can be used to grow an entire plant.

Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single totipotent cell (zygote). In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm) and into cells of the cytotrophoblast layer or syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. After reaching the 16-cell stage, the totipotent cells of the morula differentiate into cells that will eventually become either the blastocyst's Inner cell mass or the outer trophoblasts. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize. The inner cell mass, the source of embryonic stem cells, is pluripotent, not totipotent.

Research on Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that multiple mechanisms including RNA regulation may play a role in maintaining totipotency at different stages of development in some species.^[4]

Pluripotency

Human embryonic stem cells
A: Cell colonies that are not yet differentiated.

B: Nerve cell

For substances having the capacity to produce several distinct biological responses see Pluripotency (biological compounds)

Main article: Stem Cell

In cell biology, pluripotency (from the Latin plurimus, meaning very many, and potens, meaning having power) refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system).^[5] Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they cannot develop into a fetal or adult organism because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.

Induced pluripotency

Main article: Induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells,^[6]^[7] commonly abbreviated as iPS cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult somatic cell, by inducing a "forced" expression of certain genes.

Multipotency

Further information: Progenitor cells

Multipotent progenitor cells have the potential to give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages. An example of a multipotent stem cell is a hematopoietic cell — a blood stem cell that can develop into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells or other types of cells. At the end of the long series of cell divisions that form the embryo are cells that are terminally differentiated, or that are considered to be permanently committed to a specific function. Another example is the mesenchymal stem cell, which can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.^[8]

Scientists^[who?] have long held the opinion that differentiated cells cannot be altered or caused to behave in any way other than the way in which they have been naturally committed. New research, however, has called that assumption into question.^[9] In recent stem cell experiments, scientists have been able to persuade blood stem cells to behave like neurons, or brain cells- a process known as transdifferentiation. Scientists now believe that stem cell research could reveal far more vital information about our bodies than was previously known. There is also continuing research to see if it is possible to make multipotent cells into pluripotent cells.

The induced pluripotency of somatic cells into undifferentiated iPS cells was originally hailed as the end of the controversial use of embryonic stem cells. However, iPS cells are highly tumorigenic, and, despite advances,^[6] were never approved for clinical stage research in the United States. It was recently determined that the somatic expression of combined transcription factors can directly induce other defined somatic cell fates; researchers identified three neural-lineage-specific transcription factors that could directly convert mouse fibroblasts (skin cells) into fully functional neurons.^[9] This result challenges the terminal nature of cellular differentiation and the integrity of lineage commitment; and implies that with the proper tools, all cells are totipotent and may form all kinds of tissue.

An extremely rich source for mesenchymal stem cells is the developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar. The stem cells eventually form enamel (ectoderm), dentin, dental pulp, blood vessels, and nervous tissues, including a minimum of 29 different unique end organs^{[citation needed]}. Because of extreme ease in collection at 8–10 years of age before calcification and minimal to no morbidity will probably constitute a major source for personal banking, research and multiple therapies. These stem cells have been shown capable of producing hepatocytes^{[citation needed]}.

Oligopotency

In biology, oligopotency is the ability of progenitor cells to differentiate into a few cell types. It is a degree of potency. Examples of oligopotent stem cells are the lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.^[1] Examples of progenitor cells are Vascular Stem Cells that have the capacity to become both Endothelial or smooth muscle cells.

Unipotency

Further information: Precursor cell

In cell biology, a unipotent cell is the concept that one stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type. It is currently unclear if true unipotent stem cells exist. Hepatoblasts, which differentiate in hepatocytes (which constitutes most of the liver) and cholangiocytes (epithelial cells of the bile duct), are bipotent.^[10] A close synonym for unipotent cell is precursor cell.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Hans R. Schöler (2007). "The Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory". In Nikolaus Knoepffler, Dagmar Schipanski, and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner. Human biotechnology as Social Challenge. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7546-5755-2.
^ "Regenerative Medicine Glossary". Regenerative Medicine 4 (4s): S30. July 2009. doi:10.2217/rme.09.s1. PMID 19604041.
^ Mitalipov S, Wolf D (2009). "Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming.". Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 114: 185–99. doi:10.1007/10_2008_45. PMC 2752493. PMID 19343304. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752493/.
^ February 2006 report in Science
^ Byrne, James (2011-06-29). "The definition and etymology of the word pluripotency". eJournal of Cellular Biotechnology, 1;eP2. http://biotechnologyfoundation.org/discussion-forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=7.
^ ^a ^b Baker, Monya (2007-12-06). "Adult cells reprogrammed to pluripotency, without tumors". Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi:10.1038/stemcells.2007.124. http://www.nature.com/stemcells/2007/0712/071206/full/stemcells.2007.124.html.
^ Kolata, Gina (2007-11-21). "Scientists Bypass Need for Embryo to Get Stem Cells". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/science/21stem.html. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
^ Uccelli; Moretta, Pistoia (September 2008). "Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease". Nature Reviews 8. doi:10.1038/nri2395. PMID 19172693.
^ ^a ^b Vierbuchen T, Wernig M, et al. (February 2010). "Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors". Nature 463 (7284): 1035–41. doi:10.1038/nature08797. PMC 2829121. PMID 20107439. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829121/.
^ "hepatoblast differentiation". GONUTS. http://gowiki.tamu.edu/wiki/index.php/Category:GO:0061017_!_hepatoblast_differentiation.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 濾胞性リンパ腫における組織学的進展 histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma
2. 幹細胞の概要 overview of stem cells
3. 再生不良性貧血：病因、臨床症状および診断 aplastic anemia pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-mediated neurotrophin-3 gene delivery for differentiating iPS cells into neurons.

Chung CY, Yang JT, Kuo YC.SourceDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Jul;34(22):5562-70. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.006. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Guided neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with genetic regulation is an important issue in biomedical research and in clinical practice for nervous regeneration and repair. To enhance the intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nano
PMID 23623427

Phenotype and steroidogenic potential of PDGFRα-positive rat neonatal peritubular cells.

Landreh L, Stukenborg JB, Söder O, Svechnikov K.SourceDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-17176 Solna, Sweden.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2013 Jun 15;372(1-2):96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.019. Epub 2013 Mar 30.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα)-positive peritubular cells (PTCs) are suggested to be putative stem Leydig cells. At present little is known about their phenotype and steroidogenic potential. We isolated highly purified PDGFRα-positive neonatal PTCs by magnetic cell sorting (MA
PMID 23545158

Heparan sulfate: a key regulator of embryonic stem cell fate.

Kraushaar DC, Dalton S, Wang L.AbstractAbstract Heparan sulfate (HS) belongs to a class of glycosaminoglycans and is a highly sulfated, linear polysaccharide. HS biosynthesis and modification involves numerous enzymes. HS exists as part of glycoproteins named HS proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. HS interacts with numerous proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules, and thereby regulates important developmental processes in invertebrates and vertebrates. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are distinguished by their characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. Self-renewal allows ESCs to proliferate indefinitely in their undifferentiated state, whereas pluripotency implies their capacity to differentiate into the three germ layers and ultimately all cell types of the adult body. Both traits are tightly regulated by numerous cell signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of HS in the modulation of ESC functions, specifically their lineage fate. Here, we review the current advances that have been made in understanding the structural changes of HS during ESC differentiation and in deciphering the molecular mechanisms by which HS modulates cell fate. Finally, we discuss the applications of heparinoids and chemical inhibitors of HS biosynthesis for the manipulation of ESC culture and directed differentiation.
Biological chemistry.Biol Chem.2013 Jun 1;394(6):741-51. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0353.
Abstract Heparan sulfate (HS) belongs to a class of glycosaminoglycans and is a highly sulfated, linear polysaccharide. HS biosynthesis and modification involves numerous enzymes. HS exists as part of glycoproteins named HS proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the
PMID 23370908

Japanese Journal

マウスES細胞の多能性を司る転写因子ネットワーク (特集幹細胞制御の分子基盤)

杉本敏美,丹羽仁史
細胞 44(9), 377-380, 2012-08
NAID 40019408312

A synthetic small molecule for rapid induction of multiple pluripotency genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

Pandian Ganesh N,Nakano Yusuke,Sato Shinsuke,Morinaga Hironobu,Bando Toshikazu,Nagase Hiroki,Sugiyama Hiroshi
Scientific reports 2, 2012-07-30
… Genome-wide gene analysis suggests that in just 24 h and at nM concentration, δ induced multiple pluripotency-associated genes including Rex1 and Cdh1 by more than ten-fold. …
NAID 120004770225