planted

　

WordNet

1. set in the soil for growth
2. not planted
3. place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissidents apartment"
4. (botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion (同)flora, plant life
5. buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" (同)works, industrial plant
6. an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience
7. something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"
8. put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students minds" (同)implant
9. put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Lets plant flowers in the garden" (同)set
10. place into a river; "plant fish"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (動物に対して)『植物』,草木・(樹木に対して)『草』,草本(そうほん)( 木部があまり発達せず地上部が一年で枯れる植物)・苗,苗木・生産設備,工場,プラント設備,装置・《俗》(人をおとしいれる)わな,おとり / 〈苗など〉‘を'『植える』,〈種〉‘を'まく・(植物を) ‘に'植える《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈思想など〉‘を'植えつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》・《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所)…‘を'しっかりと置く(すえる,立てる) / ・〈工場・生産設備など〉‘を'建設する・《俗》〈スパイ〉‘を'送りこむ,〈わな〉‘を'仕掛ける・（嫌疑がかかるように）こっそり置く

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/14 15:06:23」(JST)

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Not to be confused with sewing.

"Seeding" redirects here. For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation).

Simon Bening, Labors of the Months: September, from a Flemish Book of hours (Bruges)

Sowing is the process of planting seeds.

Plants which are usually sown

Among the major field crops, oats, wheat, and rye are sowed, grasses and legumes are seeded, and maize and soybeans are planted. In planting, wider rows (generally 75 cm (30 in) or more) are used, and the intent is to have precise, even spacing between individual seeds in the row; various mechanisms have been devised to count out individual seeds at exact intervals. Difference between sowing and planting must not be forgotten.

Sowing depth

Regular rows of maize in a field in Indiana.

In sowing, little if any soil is placed over the seeds. More precisely, seeds can be generally sown into the soil by maintaining a planting depth of about 2-3 times the size of the seed.

Sowing types and patterns

For hand sowing, several sowing types exist; these include:

• Flat sowing
• Ridge sowing
• Wide bed sowing

Several patterns for sowing may be used together with these types; these include:

• Regular rows
• Rows that are indented at the even rows (so that the seeds are placed in a crossed pattern). This method is much better, as more light may fall on the seedlings as they come out.
• Symmetrical grid pattern – using the quincunx pattern described in the The Garden of Cyrus.

Types of sowing

Hand sowing

Hand sowing or (planting) is the process of casting handfuls of seed over prepared ground, or broadcasting (from which the technological term is derived). Usually, a drag, a swan-neck hoe or harrow is employed to incorporate the seed into the soil. Though labor intensive for any but small areas, this method is still used in some situations. Practice is required to sow evenly and at the desired rate. A hand seeder can be used for sowing, though it is less of a help than it is for the smaller seeds of grasses and legumes.

A tray used in horticulture (for sowing and taking plant cuttings)

Hand sowing may be combined with pre-sowing in seed trays. This allows the plants to come to strength indoors during cold periods (e.g. spring in temperate countries).

In agriculture, most seed is now sown using a seed drill, which offers greater precision; seed is sown evenly and at the desired rate. The drill also places the seed at a measured distance below the soil, so that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted feed metering system, which is volumetric in nature; individual seeds are not counted. Rows are typically about 10-30 cm apart, depending on the crop species and growing conditions. Several row opener types are used depending on soil type and local tradition. Grain drills are most often drawn by tractors, but can also be pulled by horses. Pickup trucks are sometimes used, since little draft is required.

A seed rate of about 100 kg of seed per hectare (2 bushels per acre) is typical, though rates vary considerably depending on crop species, soil conditions, and farmer's preference. Excessive rates can cause the crop to lodge, while too thin a rate will result in poor utilisation of the land, competition with weeds and a reduction in the yield.

Open field

Main article: Open field system

Open-field planting refers to the form of sowing used historically in the agricultural context whereby fields are prepared generically and left open, as the name suggests, before being sown directly with seed. The seed is frequently left uncovered at the surface of the soil before germinating and therefore exposed to the prevailing climate and conditions like storms etc. This is in contrast to the seedbed method used more commonly in domestic gardening or more specific (modern) agricultural scenarios where the seed is applied beneath the soil surface and monitored and manually tended frequently to ensure more successful growth rates and better yields.

Pre-treatment of seed and soil before sowing

Before sowing, certain seeds first require a treatment prior to the sowing process. This treatment may be seed scarification, stratification, seed soaking or seed cleaning with cold (or medium hot) water.

Tropical fruit such as avocado also benefit from special seed treatments (specifically invented for that particular tropical fruit)

Seed soaking is generally done by placing seeds in medium hot water for at least 24 to up to 48 hours Seed cleaning is done especially with fruit (as the flesh of the fruit around the seed can quickly become prone to attack from insects or plagues. To clean the seed, usually seed rubbings with cloth/paper is performed, sometimes assisted with a seed washing. Seed washing is generally done by submerging cleansed seeds 20 minutes in 50 degree Celsius water. This (rather hot than moderately hot) water kills any organisms that may have survived on the skin of a seed. Especially with easily infected tropical fruit such as lychees and rambutans, seed washing with high temperature water is vital.

In addition to the mentioned seed pretreatments, seed germination is also assisted when disease-free soil is used. Especially when trying to germinate difficult seed (e.g. certain tropical fruit), prior treatment of the soil (along with the usage of the most suitable soil; e.g. potting soil, prepared soil or other substrates) is vital. The two most used soil treatments are pasteurisation and sterilisation. Depending on the necessity, pasteurisation is to be preferred as this does not kill all organisms. Sterilisation can be done when trying to grow truly difficult crops. To pasteurise the soil, the soil is heated for 15 minutes in an oven of 120 °C.

See also

• Advance sowing
• Plant propagation
• Planter (farm implement)
• Priming (agriculture)
• Seed drill; a mechanical aid allowing much better and faster seed dispersal than when done by hand

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Variation in mineral elements in grains of 20 brown rice accessions in two environments.

• Huang Y1, Tong C1, Xu F1, Chen Y1, Zhang C2, Bao J3.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Feb 1;192:873-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.087. Epub 2015 Jul 21.
• Twenty rice accessions were planted in Hainan province, China, for 2years to investigate the effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions on the Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, and Cu contents in brown rice. Analysis of variance showed that the Ca, Na and K were mainly affected by the genotypic v
• PMID 26304423

• Salt tolerant plants increase nitrogen removal from biofiltration systems affected by saline stormwater.

• Szota C1, Farrell C2, Livesley SJ2, Fletcher TD3.
• Water research.Water Res.2015 Oct 15;83:195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.024. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
• Biofiltration systems are used in urban areas to reduce the concentration and load of nutrient pollutants and heavy metals entering waterways through stormwater runoff. Biofilters can, however be exposed to salt water, through intrusion of seawater in coastal areas which could decrease their ability
• PMID 26150068

• Bioaccumulation and translocation of polyhalogenated compounds in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted in paddy soil collected from an electronic waste recycling site, South China.

• Zhang Y1, Luo XJ2, Mo L3, Wu JP4, Mai BX4, Peng YH5.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2015 Oct;137:25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.029. Epub 2015 May 15.
• The bioaccumulation and translocation of polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) in rice planted in the paddy soils of an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site were investigated, along with the effect of contaminated soils on rice growth. The PHCs included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominat
• PMID 25974192

Japanese Journal

• 高解像度衛星画像の目視判読による水稲の作付け判別 : 茨城県稲敷市を事例として

• 福本 昌人,吉迫 宏
• システム農学 = Journal of the Japanese Agricultural Systems Society 29(4), 161-167, 2013-10
• NAID 40019830326

• Study on Measures for Promoting Woodenware Industry in Korea

• Choi Soo Im,Kang Hag Mo,Sato Noriko,佐藤 宣子
• Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58(2), 493-498, 2013-09
• … These companies installed Lacquer Art Museum, Wood Craft Complex, Lacquer Research Institute, and Lacquer Art Studio and planted lacquer tree in approximately 81 ha from 1997 to 2006. …
• NAID 120005326678

• THE ROLE OF THE SWEET POTATO IN THE CROP DIVERSIFICATION OF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN SOUTHERN PROVINCE, ZAMBIA

• MIYAZAKI Hidetoshi,ISHIMOTO Yudai,TANAKA Ueru,UMETSU Chieko
• African Study Monographs 34(2), 119-137, 2013-08-31
• … Farmers in the study area planted sweet potatoes in both the rainy and dry seasons. …
• NAID 110009613686

Related Links

• PLANTED (プランテッド) #1 | | 本-通販 | Amazon.co.jp

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