- 同
- PACAP
WordNet
- of or relating to the pituitary gland; "pituitary hormone"
- the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain (同)pituitary_gland, pituitary body, hypophysis
- amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein
- causing motion or action or change (同)actuating
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 脳下垂体の(から得られた) / =pituitary gland
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/07/04 16:44:43」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary) |
PDB rendering based on 2d2p. |
Available structures |
PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
List of PDB id codes |
1GEA, 2D2P, 2JOD
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Identifiers |
Symbols |
ADCYAP1 ; PACAP |
External IDs |
OMIM: 102980 MGI: 105094 HomoloGene: 869 ChEMBL: 5692 GeneCards: ADCYAP1 Gene |
Gene ontology |
Molecular function |
• receptor signaling protein activity
• receptor binding
• neuropeptide hormone activity
• pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide activity
• pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor binding
• peptide hormone receptor binding
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Cellular component |
• extracellular region
• extracellular space
• terminal bouton
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Biological process |
• ovarian follicle development
• behavioral fear response
• histamine secretion
• negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
• negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
• transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
• activation of adenylate cyclase activity
• elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
• cell-cell signaling
• female pregnancy
• regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
• positive regulation of cell proliferation
• positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
• positive regulation of neuron projection development
• sensory perception of pain
• pituitary gland development
• positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
• regulation of protein localization
• negative regulation of Rho GTPase activity
• response to starvation
• negative regulation of potassium ion transport
• response to ethanol
• negative regulation of cell cycle
• positive regulation of vasodilation
• ATP metabolic process
• neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway
• positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
• regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential
• positive regulation of growth hormone secretion
• negative regulation of glial cell proliferation
• regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
• cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus
• positive regulation of somatostatin secretion
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Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data |
Orthologs |
Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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Entrez |
116 |
11516 |
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Ensembl |
ENSG00000141433 |
ENSMUSG00000024256 |
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UniProt |
P18509 |
O70176 |
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RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_001099733 |
NM_009625 |
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RefSeq (protein) |
NP_001093203 |
NP_033755 |
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Location (UCSC) |
Chr 18:
0.9 – 0.91 Mb |
Chr 17:
93.2 – 93.21 Mb |
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PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene.[1][2] PACAP is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like cells. It binds to vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and to the PACAP receptor.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Interactions
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
Function
This gene encodes adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1. Mediated by adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 receptors, this polypeptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and subsequently increases the cAMP level in target cells. Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 not only is a hypophysiotropic hormone (i.e. a substance that induces activity in the hypophysis) but also functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In addition, it plays a role in paracrine and autocrine regulation of certain types of cells. This gene is composed of five exons. Exons 1 and 2 encode the 5' UTR and signal peptide, respectively; exon 4 encodes an adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-related peptide; and exon 5 encodes the mature peptide and 3' UTR. This gene encodes three different mature peptides, including two isotypes: a shorter form and a longer form.[2]
Recently a version of this gene has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women (but not men).[3] This disorder involves a maladaptive psychological response to traumatic, i.e. existence-threatening, events. Ressler et al. identified an association of a SNP in the gene coding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), implicating this peptide and its receptor (PAC1) in PTSD.
Interactions
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide has been shown to interact with Secretin receptor.[4]
See also
- Adenylate cyclase
- Pituitary gland
References
- ^ Hosoya M, Kimura C, Ogi K, Ohkubo S, Miyamoto Y, Kugoh H, Shimizu M, Onda H, Oshimura M, Arimura A, et al. (Feb 1992). "Structure of the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene". Biochim Biophys Acta 1129 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90488-l. PMID 1730060.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ADCYAP1 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary)".
- ^ Ressler, KJ; Mercer, KB; Bradley, B; Jovanovic, T; Mahan, A; Kerley, K; Norrholm, SD; Kilaru, V; Smith, AK; Myers, AJ; Ramirez, M; Engel, A; Hammack, SE; Toufexis, D; Braas, KM; Binder, EB; May, V (Feb 24, 2011). "Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.". Nature 470 (7335): 492–7. doi:10.1038/nature09856. PMID 21350482.
- ^ Felley, C P; Qian J M, Mantey S, Pradhan T, Jensen R T (Dec 1992). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release". Am. J. Physiol. (UNITED STATES) 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. ISSN 0002-9513. PMID 1335692.
Further reading
- Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG (2006). "Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland.". Int. Rev. Cytol. 249: 1–51. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X. PMID 16697281.
- Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994). "Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column.". Nat. Genet. 6 (3): 236–44. doi:10.1038/ng0394-236. PMID 8012384.
- Dautzenberg FM, Mevenkamp G, Wille S, Hauger RL (2000). "N-terminal splice variants of the type I PACAP receptor: isolation, characterization and ligand binding/selectivity determinants.". J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (12): 941–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00411.x. PMID 10583729.
- Fahrenkrug J (2002). "Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP.". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 234: 35–9. PMID 11713978.
- Fahrenkrug J (2006). "PACAP--a multifacetted neuropeptide.". Chronobiol. Int. 23 (1-2): 53–61. doi:10.1080/07420520500464569. PMID 16687279.
- Felley CP, Qian JM, Mantey S, et al. (1993). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release.". Am. J. Physiol. 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. PMID 1335692.
- Geng L, Ju G (2000). "[The discovery of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its research progress]". Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology] 28 (1): 29–34. PMID 10921074.
- Gourlet P, Vandermeers A, Robberecht P, Deschodt-Lanckman M (1997). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-27, but not PACAP-38) degradation by the neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11.". Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 509–15. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00207-4. PMID 9313778.
- Inagaki N, Yoshida H, Mizuta M, et al. (1994). "Cloning and functional characterization of a third pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype expressed in insulin-secreting cells.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (7): 2679–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679. PMC 43433. PMID 8146174.
- Inooka H, Endo S, Kitada C, et al. (1993). "Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) with 27 residues. Conformation determined by 1H NMR and CD spectroscopies and distance geometry in 25% methanol solution.". Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 40 (5): 456–64. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00324.x. PMID 1483839.
- Kimura C, Ohkubo S, Ogi K, et al. (1990). "A novel peptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase: molecular cloning and characterization of the ovine and human cDNAs.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 (1): 81–9. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91914-E. PMID 2302217.
- Nakata M, Yada T (2007). "PACAP in the glucose and energy homeostasis: physiological role and therapeutic potential.". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (11): 1105–12. doi:10.2174/138161207780618948. PMID 17430174.
- Ohkubo S, Kimura C, Ogi K, et al. (1992). "Primary structure and characterization of the precursor to human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide.". DNA Cell Biol. 11 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1089/dna.1992.11.21. PMID 1739432.
- Ohtaki T, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, et al. (1994). "Purification and characterization of the receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35): 26650–7. PMID 8253796.
- Pérez-Jurado LA, Francke U (1993). "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827-a. PMID 8353512.
- Waschek JA (2002). "Multiple actions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide in nervous system development and regeneration.". Dev. Neurosci. 24 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1159/000064942. PMID 12145407.
- Weber B, Riess O, Daneshvar H, et al. (1993). "(CA)n-dinucleotide repeat at the PDEB locus in 4p16.3.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827. PMID 8394765.
- Wray V, Kakoschke C, Nokihara K, Naruse S (1993). "Solution structure of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.". Biochemistry 32 (22): 5832–41. doi:10.1021/bi00073a016. PMID 8504103.
- Zeng N, Athmann C, Kang T, et al. (1999). "PACAP type I receptor activation regulates ECL cells and gastric acid secretion.". J. Clin. Invest. 104 (10): 1383–91. doi:10.1172/JCI7537. PMC 409843. PMID 10562300.
External links
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
PDB gallery
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2d2p: The solution structure of micelle-bound peptide
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2jod: Pac1-Rshort N-terminal EC domain Pacap(6-38) complex
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Peptides: neuropeptides
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Hormones |
see hormones
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Opioid peptides |
Dynorphin
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- Big dynorphin
- Dynorphin A
- Dynorphin B
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Endorphins
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- Beta-endorphin
- Alpha-endorphin
- Gamma-endorphin
- α-neo-endorphin
- β-neo-endorphin
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Enkephalin
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- Met-enkephalin
- Leu-enkephalin
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Others
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- Adrenorphin
- Amidorphin
- Leumorphin
- Nociceptin
- Opiorphin
- Spinorphin
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Other
neuropeptides |
Kinins
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- Tachykinins: mammal
- Substance P
- Neurokinin A
- Neurokinin B
- amphibian
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Neuromedins
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Other
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- Angiotensin
- Bombesin
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Carnosine
- Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
- Delta sleep-inducing peptide
- FMRFamide
- Galanin
- Galanin-like peptide
- Gastrin releasing peptide
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide S
- Neuropeptide Y
- Neurophysins
- Neurotensin
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide
- RVD-Hpα
- VGF
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B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)
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Cell signaling: nervous tissue: neurotrophin
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Trk binding |
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GFL |
- GDNF
- Neurturin
- Artemin
- Persephin
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Other |
- CNTF
- GMF
- Neuregulin (1, 2, 3, 4)
- PACAP
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anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp
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noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Regulation of Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis PACAP Expression by Stress and Corticosterone.
- Lezak KR1, Roman CW, Braas KM, Schutz KC, Falls WA, Schulkin J, May V, Hammack SE.
- Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN.J Mol Neurosci.2014 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print]
- Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and the PAC1 receptor have been associated with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Although, from recent work, we have argued that stress-induced PACAP expression in the bed nucleus of th
- PMID 24614974
- The background to this themed issue on neuropeptides.
- Keeble J.
- British journal of pharmacology.Br J Pharmacol.2013 Dec;170(7):1277-8. doi: 10.1111/bph.12474.
- A meeting of the British Pharmacological Society in association with the European Neuropeptide Club and Americal Summer Neuropeptide Conference in June 2012 led to this themed issue on neuropetides. A wide range of neuropeptides are discussed, in various physiological and pathophysiological conditio
- PMID 24236898
- Lack of type VI adenylyl cyclase (AC6) leads to abnormal sympathetic tone in neonatal mice.
- Chien CL1, Lin MS, Lai HL, Wu YS, Chang CP, Chen HM, Chang C, Su CK, Chern Y.
- Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2013 Oct;248:10-5. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.015. Epub 2013 May 28.
- Visceral functions are regulated by a basal sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), also known as 'sympathetic tone'. We demonstrate herein that AC6 existed in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons in the brainstem. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) assays showed lower basal and pituita
- PMID 23726959
Japanese Journal
- VIP Induces the Translocation and Degradation of the .ALPHA. Subunit of Gs Protein in Rat Pituitary GH4C1 Cells.
- Electrophysiological analysis of the actions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide in the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum
- Distribution of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity in neurons of the guinea-pig digestive tract and their projections in the ileum and colon
Related Links
- 1. Pharmacol Rev. 2009 Sep;61(3):283-357. doi: 10.1124/pr.109.001370. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors: 20 years after the discovery. Vaudry D(1), Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille ...
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is an important neuropeptide and immunomodulator in various tissues. Although this peptide and its receptors (ie, VPAC1R, VPAC2R, and PAC1R) are expressed ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 関
- hypophyses、hypophysis、pituitary gland
[★]
シクラーゼ、サイクレース、環化酵素