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accumulating and storing a reserve supply; "the stockpiling of war materials"

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《集合的に》たくさんのくい / たくさんのくいで作った物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/19 08:34:37」(JST)

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Pilin refers to a class of fibrous proteins that are found in pilus structures in bacteria. Bacterial pili are used in the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation, while a shorter type of appendages also made up of pilin, called fimbriae, are used as a cell adhesion mechanism. Although not all bacteria have pili or fimbriae, bacterial pathogens often use their fimbriae to attach to host cells. In gram-negative bacteria, where pili are more common, individual pilin molecules are linked by noncovalent protein-protein interactions, while gram-positive bacteria often have polymerized pilin.^[1]

Pilin proteins themselves are α+β proteins characterized by a very long N-terminal alpha helix. Many pilins are post-translationally modified by glycosylation or phosphorylation. The assembly of a complete pilus relies on interactions between the N-terminal helices of the individual monomers. The pilus structure sequesters the helices in the center of the fiber lining a central pore, while antiparallel beta sheets occupy the exterior of the fiber.^[2] The exact mechanism of pilus assembly from monomers is not known, although chaperone proteins have been identified for some types of pilin.^[3] and specific amino acids required for proper pilus formation have been isolated.^[4]

Development of molecular tools

Pili in Gram-positive bacteria contain spontaneously formed isopeptide bonds. These bonds provide enhanced stability to the protein. Recently, the pilin protein from Streptococcus pyogenes has been split into two fragments to develop a new molecular tool called the isopeptag. ^[5] The isopeptag is a short peptide that can be attached to a protein of interest and can bind its binding partner through a spontaneously formed isopeptide bond. This new peptide tag can allow scientists to target and isolate their proteins of interest through a permanent covalent bond.

References

^ Telford JL, Barocchi MA, Margarit I, Rappuoli R, Grandi G. (2006). Pili in gram-positive pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 4(7):509-19.
^ Forest KT, Tainer JA. (1997). Type-4 pilus-structure: outside to inside and top to bottom—a minireview. Gene 192(1):165-9.
^ Jones CH, Pinkner JS, Nicholes AV, Slonim LN, Abraham SN, Hultgren SJ. (1993). FimC is a periplasmic PapD-like chaperone that directs assembly of type 1 pili in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(18):8397-401.
^ Mu XQ, Jiang ZG, Bullitt E. (2005). Localization of a critical interface for helical rod formation of bacterial adhesion P-pili. J Mol Biol 346(1):13-20.
^[6] Zakeri,B. and Howarth,M. (2010). Spontaneous intermolecular amide bond formation between side chains for irreversible peptide targeting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4526-4527.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 淋菌感染の疫学および病因epidemiology and pathogenesis of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection [show details]
…involved in the pilin biogenesis and deletion of the pilE gene results in a non-piliated phenotype . Human challenge studies suggest that pili are important for infection and that anti-pilin antibodies can …
2. 髄膜炎菌の微生物学および病理生物学microbiology and pathobiology of neisseria meningitidis [show details]
…variation. The pili of pathogenic Neisseria are composed of a pilin subunit that is encoded in the expression locus. Other incomplete copies of pilin genes are found in silent loci. The genes in the expression …
3. 尿路感染症における細菌付着およびその他の病原因子bacterial adherence and other virulence factors for urinary tract infection [show details]
…important for colonization of host surfaces . These pili are composed of thousands of copies of the major pilin protein, which are synthetized in the bacterial cytoplasm, translocated across the inner membrane…
4. 緑膿菌感染症の疫学、微生物学、および病因epidemiology microbiology and pathogenesis of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [show details]
…hypothesis suggests that there are more pilus receptors on CF cells or that there is a greater response to pilin binding than on normal airway cells . Piliated organisms or purified pili lead to the production of…
5. 播種性淋菌感染disseminated gonococcal infection [show details]
…Genetic variation among pili is important for immune evasion and may contribute to tissue tropism . Pilin galactosyl transferase (pgtA) can have two forms, one with a poly-G tract, which can undergo phase…

English Journal

Bordetella pertussis: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment.

Carbonetti NH1.
Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2016 Jun;29(3):287-94. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000264.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss recent findings and selected topics of interest in Bordetella pertussis virulence and pathogenesis and treatment of pertussis. It is not intended to cover issues on immune responses to B. pertussis infection or problems with c
PMID 26906206

Target-Agnostic Identification of Functional Monoclonal Antibodies Against Klebsiella pneumoniae Multimeric MrkA Fimbrial Subunit.

Wang Q1, Chang CS2, Pennini M1, Pelletier M1, Rajan S2, Zha J1, Chen Y2, Cvitkovic R1, Sadowska A1, Heidbrink Thompson J3, Yu Lin H3, Barnes A2, Rickert K2, Wilson S2, Stover CK1, Dall'Acqua WF2, Chowdhury PS2, Xiao X2.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Jun 1;213(11):1800-8. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw021. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
The increasing incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections refractory to treatment with current broad-spectrum antibiotic classes warrants the exploration of alternative approaches, such as antibody therapy and/or vaccines, for prevention and treatment. However, the lack of validated targets share
PMID 26768253

Burkholderia cepacia complex in Serbian patients with cystic fibrosis: prevalence and molecular epidemiology.

Vasiljevic ZV1, Novovic K2, Kojic M2, Minic P3,4, Sovtic A3,4, Djukic S5, Jovcic B2,6.
European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.2016 May 13. [Epub ahead of print]
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) organisms remain significant pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics, and presence of molecular markers associated with virulence and transmissibility of the Bcc strai
PMID 27177755

Japanese Journal

Genes for Tight Adherence of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotype g Strain

International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences 10(2), 72-76, 2011
NAID 130001088322

Mucosal adhesion properties of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG SpaCBA and SpaFED pilin subunits

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 2049-2057, 2010
NAID 80020940099

A macromolecular complex formed by a pilin-like protein in competent Bacillus subtilis

J. Biol. Chem. 281, 21720-21727, 2006
NAID 80018968881

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リンク元	「ピリン系」「ピリン系化合物」

「ピリン系」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

Pilin (bacterial filament)
	Pilin protein from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a parasitic bacterium that requires functional pili for pathogenesis.
Identifiers
Symbol	Pilin
Pfam	PF00114
InterPro	IPR001082
PROSITE	PDOC00342
SCOP	1paj
SUPERFAMILY	1paj
OPM superfamily	74
OPM protein	2hil
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary