photoreactivation

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/12 07:50:18」(JST)

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FAD binding domain of DNA photolyase
A deazaflavin photolyase from Anacystis nidulans, illustrating the two light-harvesting cofactors: FADH- (yellow) and 8-HDF (cyan).
Identifiers
Symbol	FAD_binding_7
Pfam	PF03441
InterPro	IPR005101
PROSITE	PDOC00331
SCOP	1qnf
SUPERFAMILY	1qnf
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe PDBsum structure summary

Photolyases (EC 4.1.99.3) are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. This enzyme mechanism requires visible light, preferentially from the violet/blue end of the spectrum, and is known as photoreactivation.

Photolyase is a phylogenetically old enzyme which is present and functional in many species, from the bacteria to the fungi to the animals. However it is no longer working in humans and other placental mammals who instead rely on the less efficient nucleotide excision repair mechanism.

Photolyases bind complementary DNA strands and break certain types of pyrimidine dimers that arise when a pair of thymine or cytosine bases on the same strand of DNA become covalently linked. These dimers result in a 'bulge' of the DNA structure, referred to as a lesion. The more common covalent linkage involves the formation of a cyclobutane bridge. Photolyases have a high affinity for these lesions and reversibly bind and convert them back to the original bases.

A UV radiation induced uracil-uracil cyclobutane dimer (right) is the type of DNA damage which is repaired by DNA photolyase. Note: The above diagram is incorrectly labelled as thymine as the structures lack 5-methyl groups.

Photolyases are flavoproteins and contain two light-harvesting cofactors. All photolyases contain the two-electron-reduced FADH^-; they are divided into two main classes based on the second cofactor, which may be either the pterin methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) in folate photolyases or the deazaflavin 8-hydroxy-7,8-didemethyl-5-deazariboflavin (8-HDF) in deazaflavin photolyases. Although only FAD is required for catalytic activity, the second cofactor significantly accelerates reaction rate in low-light conditions. The enzyme acts by electron transfer in which the reduced flavin FADH^- is activated by light energy and acts as an electron donor to break the pyrimidine dimer.

On the basis of sequence similarities DNA photolyases can be grouped into two classes. The first class contains enzymes from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, the halophilic archaebacteria Halobacterium halobium, fungi and plants. Proteins containing this domain also include Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochromes 1 and 2, which are blue light photoreceptors that mediate blue light-induced gene expression and modulation of circadian rhythms.

Some sunscreens include photolyase in their ingredients, claiming a reparative action on UV-damaged skin.

Human proteins containing this domain

CRY1; CRY2;

References

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English Journal

• Identification of influential events concerning the Antarctic ozone hole over southern Brazil and the biological effects induced by UVB and UVA radiation in an endemic treefrog species.

• Passaglia Schuch A1, Dos Santos MB2, Mendes Lipinski V2, Vaz Peres L1, Dos Santos CP2, Zanini Cechin S2, Jorge Schuch N3, Kirsh Pinheiro D1, da Silva Loreto EL4.
• Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 Aug;118:190-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.029.
• The increased incidence of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) due to ozone depletion has been affecting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and it may help to explain the enigmatic decline of amphibian populations in specific localities. In this work, influential events concerning the Antarctic oz
• PMID 25957080

• Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli is impaired at high growth temperatures.

• Xu L1, Tian C2, Lu X3, Ling L3, Lv J3, Wu M1, Zhu G4.
• Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.J Photochem Photobiol B.2015 Jun;147:37-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.012. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
• Photolyase repairs UV-induced lesions in DNA using light energy, which is the principle of photoreactivation. Active photolyase contains the two-electron-reduced flavin cofactor. We observed that photoreactivation of Escherichia coli was impaired at growth temperatures ⩾37°C, and growth in this t
• PMID 25839748

• Are the mitochondrial respiratory complexes blocked by NO the targets for the laser and LED therapy?

• Buravlev EA1, Zhidkova TV, Osipov AN, Vladimirov YA.
• Lasers in medical science.Lasers Med Sci.2015 Jan;30(1):173-80. doi: 10.1007/s10103-014-1639-8. Epub 2014 Aug 14.
• Effects of laser (442 and 532 nm) and light-emitting diode (LED) (650 nm) radiation on mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial electron transport rate (complexes II-III and IV) in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) were investigated. It was found that nitric oxide (300 nM-10 μM) suppresses mitoc
• PMID 25118663

Japanese Journal

• The Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law in ultraviolet-B-induced mortality of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.

• Murata Yasumasa,Osakabe Masahiro
• Journal of insect physiology 59(3), 241-247, 2013-03-00
• … These results suggest that a photoreactivation mechanism plays an important role in the survival of this mite under solar radiation. …
• NAID 120005242564

• Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride, an Inhibitor of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase, Suppresses Light-Dependent Induction of Clock and DNA Repair Genes in Zebrafish

• Osaki Tomomi,Uchida Yoshimi,Hirayama Jun [他],Nishina Hiroshi
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(8), 1343-1347, 2011
• … ROS both alters the reduction–oxidation (redox) state of these cells and stimulates intracellular extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades that transduce photic signals activating the transcription of particular light-responsive genes, including some clock genes and some DNA repair genes involved in photoreactivation. …
• NAID 130000936611

• UVB-induced damage and photoreactivation in the integument of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare

• 佐藤 由紀子,阿部 道夫,佐々木 史江 [他],中村 真樹,高柳 信之輔,根岸 寿美子
• 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要 自然科学 (47), 1-13, 2010-00-00
• … However, ultrastructural changes induced by UVB and subsequent mechanisms remain unsolved "in vivo", due to the absence of suitable living animal models to investigate the photoreactivation following UV damage. … These results suggest that the photoreactivation mechanism and the pigment cell layer are important to protection from UVB in living A. …
• NAID 120002317553

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