関: sandfly fever

WordNet

a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection (同)febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness
intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment"
highly excited; "a fevered imagination"
small bloodsucking sand flies that resemble moths (同)genus Phlebotomus

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《しばしばa fever》(身体の異常な)『熱』,発熱 / 〈U〉『熱病』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『興奮』,熱狂《+『for』+『名』》
(比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》熱のある,熱病にかかった / 熱にうかされたような,興奮した / (憎しみなどが)異常に強い

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/05 23:17:49」(JST)

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Distribution of pappataci fever by serotype: T, Toscana, S, Sicilian; N, Naples.

Pappataci fever (also known as Phlebotomus fever and, somewhat confusingly, sandfly fever and three-day fever) is a vector-borne febrile arboviral infection caused by three serotypes of Phlebovirus. Occurs in subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. The name, pappataci fever, comes from the Italian word for sandfly, it is the union of the word "pappa" (food) and taci (silent) which distinguish these insect from mosquitoes which produce a typical noise while flying.

Etiology

Three serotypes of Phlebovirus, Naples virus, Sicilian virus and Toscana virus are known causative agents.

Epidemiology

Phlebotomus papatasi taking a bloodmeal.

Pappataci fever is prevalent in the subtropical zone of the Eastern Hemisphere between 20°N and 45°N^[1], particularly in Southern Europe, North Africa, the Balkans, Eastern Mediterranean, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India.^[2]

The disease is transmitted by the bites of phlebotomine sandflies of the Genus Phlebotomus, in particular, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi. The sandfly becomes infected when biting an infected human in the period between 48 hours before the onset of fever and 24 hours after the end of the fever, and remains infected for its lifetime.^[1] Besides this «horizontal» virus transmission from man to sandfly, the virus can be transmitted in insects transovarially, from an infected female sandfly to its offspring.^[3]

Pappataci fever is seldom recognised in endemic populations because it is mixed with other febrile illnesses of childhood, but it is more well-known among immigrants and military personnel from non-endemic regions.^[4]

Clinical course

A few days after the infective bite, a feeling of lassitude, abdominal distress and chills develop followed by fever of 39°C to 40°C, severe frontal headaches, muscle and joint aches, flushing of the face and tachycardia. After two days the fever begins to subside and the temperature returns to normal. Fatigue, bradycardia and subnormal blood pressure may persist from few days to several weeks but complete recovery is the rule.^[1]

Diagnosis

Although commercial tests are not readily available, diagnosis can be confirmed by serology-based assays or real-time PCR by laboratories that have developed assays to perform such identification.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for the disease.

Prevention

Prevention of sandfly bites, and control of sandflies and their breeding grounds with insecticides are the principal methods for prevention. Mosquito nets may not be sufficient to prevent sandfly bites.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Encyclopaedia Britannica.. "Pappataci fever" (in en). http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442164/pappataci-fever. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
^ Gratz N.G. (2004). The vector-borne human diseases in Europe. Their distribution and burden on public health. Copenhagen, Denmark. pp. 25–6. http://www.euro.who.int/document/e82481.pdf.
^ Tesh, R.B. (1984). "Transovarial transmission of arboviruses in their invertebrate vectors". In K.F. Harris. Current topics in vector research. 2. pp. 57–76. ISBN 0-275-91433-X. http://lrs.afpmb.org/ZM6R23QM62EWTR03N7EWQEMR/arc/al_06_tit_fetch/4/129272.
^ Sabin A.B. (1955). "Recent advances in our knowledge of dengue and sandfly fever". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 4 (2): 198–207. PMID 14361897. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/2/198.

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English Journal

Toscana Virus NSs Protein Promotes Degradation of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase.

Kalveram B, Ikegami T.SourceDepartment of Pathology.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2013 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Toscana virus (TOSV), which is transmitted by Phlebotomus spp. sandflies, is a major etiologic agent of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in the Mediterranean. Like other members of the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, TOSV encodes a non-structural protein (NSs) in its small RNA segme
PMID 23325696

First detection of Toscana virus RNA from sand flies in the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) naturally infected in Morocco.

Es-Sette N, Nourlil J, Hamdi S, Mellouki F, Lemrani M.SourceLaboratoire de Parasitologie et de Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.
Journal of medical entomology.J Med Entomol.2012 Nov;49(6):1507-9.
In total, 656 sand flies were collected in June 2008 from Louata, a locality of Sefrou province, Morocco. Testing was conducted for the presence of phlebovirus by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. We detected Toscana virus in four pools of male Phlebotomus pernic
PMID 23270183

Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern.

Maroli M, Feliciangeli MD, Bichaud L, Charrel RN, Gradoni L.SourceUnit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebótomos, BIOMED, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela Unité des Virus Émergents, Faculté de Medecine, Université de la Méditerranée-IRD, Marseille, France.
Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2012 Aug 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly
PMID 22924419