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small bloodsucking sand flies that resemble moths (同)genus Phlebotomus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/11 07:07:37」(JST)

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Phlebotomus is a genus of "sand flies" in the Diptera family Psychodidae. In the past, they have sometimes been considered to belong in a separate family, Phlebotomidae, but this alternative classification has not gained wide acceptance.^[1]

Epidemiology

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by Phlebotomus, in North Africa; Leishmania infantum = green, Leishmania major = blue, Leishmania tropica = red^[2]

In the Old World, Phlebotomus sand flies are primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis,^[2] an important parasitic disease, while transmission in the New World, is generally via sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia.^[3] The protozoan parasite itself is a species of the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis normally finds a mammalian reservoir in rodents and other small animals such as canids (canine leishmaniasis) and hyraxes. The female sand fly carries the Leishmania protozoa from infected animals after feeding, thus transmitting the disease, while the male feeds on plant nectar.

Phlebotomus species are also vectors for bartonellosis, verruga peruana, pappataci fever, an arbovirus caused by sandfly fever viruses such as Naples and Sicilian strains, which are members of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae), which also includes the closely related Toscana virus.^[4]^[5] In Egypt, two species of medical importance are Phlebotomus papatasii and P. langerni. These flies are short-lived. Females are bloodsuckers at night; males feed on plant juices. Adults are poor fliers, they usually hop for short distances.

Morphology

Adults are about 1.5–3.0 mm long and yellowish in colour, with conspicuous black eyes, and hairy bodies, wings, and legs. The oval lanceolate wings are carried erect on the humped thorax. Males possess long prominent genital terminalia known as claspers. Females have a pair of anal recti.

Lifecycle

The minute eggs (0.3–0.4 mm) are more or less ovoid in shape and usually brown or black, and careful examination under a microscope reveals that they are patterned,Some 30–70 eggs are laid singly at each oviposition. They are thought to be deposited in small cracks and holes in the ground, at the base of termite mounds, in cracks in masonry, on stable floors, in poultry houses, amongst leaf litter and in the Americas between buttress-roots of forest trees. The type of oviposition site presumably varies greatly according to species. Although eggs are not laid in water they require a microhabitat with high humidity. They are unable to withstand desiccation and hatch after 4–20 days, although hatching may likely be delayed in cooler weather. Larvae are mainly scavengers, feeding on organic matter such as fungi, decaying forest leaves, semi-rotting vegetation, animal faeces and decomposing bodies of arthropods. Although some species, especially of the genus Phlebotomus, occur in semiarid areas, the actual larval habitats must have a high degree of humidity. Larvae may be able to survive by migrating to drier areas if their breeding places are temporarily flooded. There are four larval instars. The mature larva is 3–6mm long and has a well-defined black head which is provided with a pair of small mandibles; the body is white or greyish and has 12 segments. Ventrally the abdominal segments have small pseudopods, but the most striking feature is the presence on the head and all body segments of conspicuous thick bristles with feathered stems, which in many species have slightly enlarged tips. They are called matchstick hairs, and they identify larvae as those of phlebotomine sand flies. In most species the last abdominal segment bears two pairs of conspicuous long hairs called the caudal setae. First-instar larvae have two single bristles, not two pairs. Larval development is usually completed after 20–30 days, the duration depending on the species, temperature and availability of food. In temperate areas and arid regions sand flies may overwinter as diapausing fully grown larvae. Prior to pupation the larva assumes an almost erect position in the habitat, the skin then splits open and the pupa wriggles out. The larval skin is not completely cast off but remains attached to the end of the pupa. The presence of this skin, with its characteristic two pairs of caudal bristles, aids in the recognition of the phlebotomine pupa. Adults emerge from the pupae after about 6–13 days. The life cycle, from oviposition to adult emergence, is 30–60 days, but extends to several months in some species with diapausing larvae. In temperate areas adults die off in late summer or autumn and species overwinter as larvae, with the adults emerging the following spring. It is usually extremely difficult to find larvae or pupae of sand flies, and relatively little is known about their biology and ecology.

References

^ BDWD Family List
^ ^a ^b Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review.". Parasite 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC 3952656. PMID 24626301.
^ Zeledón RA (1996). Hemoflagellates: Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Shope RE (1996). Bunyaviruses. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Valassina M, Cusi MG, Valensin PE (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: the Toscana virus". J Neurovirol 9 (6): 577–83. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.

Medical Entomology for Students for students fifth edition by Mike Service

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 好中球減少症における感染の原因 infectious causes of neutropenia
2. 内臓リーシュマニア症の疫学および管理 epidemiology and control of visceral leishmaniasis
3. 北アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to north africa
4. 東アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to east africa
5. 南アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to south asia

English Journal

Species composition, activity patterns and blood meal analysis of sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the metropolitan region of Thessaloniki, an endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis.

Chaskopoulou A1, Giantsis IA2, Demir S3, Bon MC4.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2016 Jun;158:170-6. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.006. Epub 2016 Mar 8.
Species composition, activity patterns and blood meal analysis of sand fly populations were investigated in the metropolitan region of Thessaloniki, North Greece from May to October 2011. Sampling was conducted weekly in 3 different environments (animal facilities, open fields, residential areas) al
PMID 26965171

Phylogenetic structure of Leishmania tropica in the new endemic focus Birjand in East Iran in comparison to other Iranian endemic regions.

Karamian M1, Kuhls K2, Hemmati M3, Ghatee MA4.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2016 Jun;158:68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.010. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
Iran has been identified being among the countries with the highest number of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. South Khorasan province in East Iran is an emerging focus of CL. Species identification of sixty clinical samples by ITS1 PCR-RFLP presented evidence for the dominance of Leishmania trop
PMID 26899681

Phleboviruses associated with sand flies in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia.

Dachraoui K1, Fares W2, Bichaud L3, Barhoumi W2, Beier JC4, Derbali M2, Cherni S2, Lamballerie Xd3, Chelbi I2, Charrel RN3, Zhioua E5.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2016 Jun;158:13-9. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.008. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
An entomological investigation was carried out in 2014 at two sites located in Central Tunisia, one irrigated and another non-irrigated situated in arid bio-geographical areas. Sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius namely Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Phlebotomus longicuspis
PMID 26875761

Japanese Journal

PCR-Based Detection of Leishmania donovani DNA in a Stray Dog from a Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Focus in Bangladesh

ALAM Mohammad Zahangir,YASIN Md. Golam,KATO Hirotomo,SAKURAI Tatsuya,KATAKURA Ken
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012
… Although Phlebotomus argentipes as the only known vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is zoophilic in nature, VL is considered to be anthroponotic in the Indian subcontinent. …
NAID 130001879680

日本産サシチョウバエ Sergentomyia squamirostri の最近の採集記録(双翅目, チョウバエ科)

三條場千寿,Ozbel Yusuf,麻田正仁 [他],長田康孝,GANTUYA Sambuu,松本芳嗣
衞生動物 62(1), 71-77, 2011-03-15
NAID 10028089713

5 日本産のPhlebotomus属サシチョウバエについて(第61回日本衛生動物学会東日本支部大会講演要旨)

三篠場千寿,Ozbel Yusuf,麻田正仁,Sumbuu Gantuya,長田康孝,宮城一郎,松本芳嗣
衞生動物 61(2), 159, 2010-06-15
NAID 110007642144

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「フレボトムス属」「サシチョウバエ属」
拡張検索	「Phlebotomus属」

「フレボトムス属」

Phlebotomus
	A male Phlebotomus fly
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Psychodidae
Subfamily:	Phlebotominae
Genus:	Phlebotomus; Loew 1845
Species
	P. alexandri; P. ariasi; P. azizi; P. balcanicus; P. brevis; P. chabaudi; P. kyreniae; P. langeroni; P. longicuspis; P. longiductus; P. major; P. mascittii; P. papatasi; P. perfiliewi; P. perniciosus; P. riouxi; P. sergenti; P. simici; P. tobbi

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ラ: Phlebotomus
関: サシチョウバエ、サシチョウバエ属、Phlebotomus属

「サシチョウバエ属」

　　[★]

ラ: Phlebotomus
関: サシチョウバエ、フレボトムス属、Phlebotomus属

「Phlebotomus属」

　　[★]

ラ: Phlebotomus
関: サシチョウバエ、サシチョウバエ属、フレボトムス属

[1] BDWD Family List

[Aoun-2] Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review.". Parasite 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC 3952656. PMID 24626301.

[Barron-4376-3] Zeledón RA (1996). Hemoflagellates: Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[Barron-3006-4] Shope RE (1996). Bunyaviruses. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[5] Valassina M, Cusi MG, Valensin PE (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: the Toscana virus". J Neurovirol 9 (6): 577–83. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.

匿名

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案内

案内

Phlebotomus