末梢血管収縮

WordNet

related to the key issue but not of central importance; "a peripheral interest"; "energy is far from a peripheral issue in the economy"; "peripheral issues"
(computer science) electronic equipment connected by cable to the CPU of a computer; "disk drives and printers are important peripherals" (同)computer peripheral, peripheral device
on or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area; "Russias peripheral provinces"; "peripheral suburbs"
decrease in the diameter of blood vessels

PrepTutorEJDIC

周囲の; 周辺（装置）の・末梢的な・重要でない; （...に比べて）瑣末な (to); 【医】末端部の; コンピュータの周辺装置

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/26 12:51:54」(JST)

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Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in staunching hemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance. This makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure.

Medications causing vasoconstriction, also known as vasoconstrictors, are one type of medicine used to raise blood pressure. Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Many vasoconstrictors also cause pupil dilation. Medications that cause vasoconstriction include: antihistamines, decongestants, and stimulants used to treat ADHD.

General mechanism

The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction results from the increased concentration of calcium (Ca²⁺ ions) within vascular smooth muscle cells.^[1] However, the specific mechanisms for generating an increased intracellular concentration of calcium depends on the vasoconstrictor. Smooth muscle cells are capable of generating action potentials, but this mechanism is rarely utilized for contraction in the vasculature. Hormonal or pharmokinetic components are more physiologically relevant. Two common stimuli for eliciting smooth muscle contraction are circulating epinephrine and activation of the sympathetic nervous system (through release of norepinephrine) that directly innervates the muscle. These compounds interact with cell surface adrenergic receptors. Such stimuli result in a signal transduction cascade that leads to increased intracellular calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through IP3-mediated calcium release, as well as enhanced calcium entry across the sarcolemma through calcium channels. The rise in intracellular calcium complexes with calmodulin, which in turn activates myosin light-chain kinase. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating the light chain of myosin to stimulate cross-bridge cycling.

Once elevated, the intracellular calcium concentration is returned to its basal level through a variety of protein pumps and calcium exchangers located on the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This reduction in calcium removes the stimulus necessary for contraction, allowing for a return to baseline.

Factors and individual mechanisms

Factors that trigger vasoconstriction can be of exogenous or endogenous origin. Ambient temperature is an example of the former. Cutaneous vasoconstriction will occur because of the body's exposure to the severe cold. Examples of endogenous factors include the autonomic nervous system, circulating hormones, and intrinsic mechanisms inherent to the vasculature itself (also referred to as the myogenic response).

Exogenous medications

Examples include amphetamines, antihistamines and cocaine. Many are used in medicine to treat hypotension and as topical decongestants. Vasoconstrictors are also used clinically to increase blood pressure or to reduce local blood flow. Vasoconstrictors mixed with local anesthetics are used to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing hemorrhage.^[2]

The routes of administration vary. They may be both systemic and topical. For example, pseudoephedrine is taken orally and phenylephrine is topically applied to the nasal passages or eyes.

Examples include:^{[citation needed]}

Vasoconstrictors
25I-NBOMe
Amphetamines
AMT
Antihistamines
Caffeine
Cocaine
DOM
LSA
Methylphenidate
Mephedrone
Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Propylhexedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Stimulants
Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (in eye drops)

Endogenous

Vasoconstriction is a procedure of the body that averts orthostatic hypotension. It is a part of a body negative feedback loop in which the body tries to restore homeostasis(maintain constant internal environment).

For example, vasoconstriction is a hypothermic preventative in which the blood vessels constrict and blood must move at a higher pressure to actively prevent a hypoxic reaction. ATP is used as a form of energy to increase this pressure to heat the body. Once homeostasis is restored, the blood pressure and ATP production regulates.

Vasoconstriction also occurs in superficial blood vessels of warm-blooded animals when their ambient environment is cold; this process diverts the flow of heated blood to the center of the animal, preventing the loss of heat.

Vasoconstrictor ^[3]	Receptor (↑ = opens. ↓ = closes) ^[3] On vascular smooth muscle cells if not otherwise specified	Transduction (↑ = increases. ↓ = decreases) ^[3]
Stretch	↑Stretch-activated ion channels	depolarization --> open VDCCs (primarily) --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺ ↑Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels --> more depolarization --> open VDCCs --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺ ↓Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger activity --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺
ATP (intracellular)	↓ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel
ATP (extracellular)	↑P2X receptor	↑Ca²⁺
muscarinic agonists e.g. acetylcholine	↑muscarinic receptor M₂	Activation of G_i --> ↓cAMP --> ↓PKA activity --> ↓phosphorylation of MLCK --> ↑MLCK activity --> ↑phosphorylation of MLC (calcium-independent)
NPY	NPY receptor
adrenergic agonists e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine	↑α₁ adrenergic receptor	Activation of G_q --> ↑PLC activity --> ↑IP₃ and DAG --> activation of IP₃ receptor in SR --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺
thromboxane	↑thromboxane receptor
endothelin	↑endothelin receptor ET_A
angiotensin II	↑Angiotensin receptor 1	On smooth muscle cells: Activation of G_q --> ↑PLC activity --> ↑IP₃ and DAG --> activation of IP₃ receptor in SR --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺ On endothelium: endothelin synthesis^[4]
angiotensin II		open VDCCs --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺^[5]
Asymmetric dimethylarginine		Reduced production of nitric oxide
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)	Arginine vasopressin receptor 1 (V1) on smooth muscle cells	Activation of G_q --> ↑PLC activity --> ↑IP₃ and DAG --> activation of IP₃ receptor in SR --> ↑intracellular Ca²⁺
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)	Arginine vasopressin receptor on endothelium	Endothelin production^[4]
Products of platelet activation ^[4] Endotoxin^[4] Thrombin^[4] insulin^[4] Hypoxia ^[4] Low shear stress^[4]	Various receptors on endothelium^[4]	Endothelin production^[4]

Pathology

Vasoconstriction can be a contributing factor to erectile dysfunction.^[6] An increase in blood flow to the penis causes an erection.

Improper vasoconstriction may also play a role in secondary hypertension.

References

^ Michael P. Walsh, et all (August 2005). "Thromboxane A2-induced contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves activation of Ca2+ entry and Ca2+sensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr-855 but not Thr-697" (PDF). Biochem. J. 389 (Pt 3): 763–74. doi:10.1042/BJ20050237. PMC 1180727. PMID 15823093.
^ Yagiela JA (1995). "Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia". Anesth Prog 42 (3–4): 116–20. PMC 2148913. PMID 8934977.
^ ^a ^b ^c Unless else specified in box, then ref is: Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 479
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. (2007). Rang & Dale's pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.
^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 771
^ Richard Milsten and Julian Slowinski, The sexual male,bc,main point W.W. Norton Company, New York, London (1999) ISBN 0-393-04740-7

External links

Definition of Vasoconstriction on HealthScout
Cannabis arteritis revisited--ten new case reports
Are coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease associated with tobacco or cannabis consumption
Vasoconstrictor effects of Cannabis appear to inhibit Migraine (headache) attacks

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児におけるチアノーゼの病因および評価 etiology and evaluation of cyanosis in children
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Relaxin deficiency attenuates pregnancy-induced adaptation of the mesenteric artery to angiotensin II in mice.

Marshall SA1, Leo CH2, Senadheera SN2, Girling JE2, Tare M3, Parry LJ4.
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Chang EI1, Zárate MA1, Rabaglino MB2, Richards EM3, Keller-Wood M3, Wood CE1.
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Japanese Journal

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