WordNet

related to the key issue but not of central importance; "a peripheral interest"; "energy is far from a peripheral issue in the economy"; "peripheral issues"
(computer science) electronic equipment connected by cable to the CPU of a computer; "disk drives and printers are important peripherals" (同)computer peripheral, peripheral device
on or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area; "Russias peripheral provinces"; "peripheral suburbs"
any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body (同)nervus
control of your emotions; "this kind of tension is not good for my nerves"

PrepTutorEJDIC

周囲の; 周辺（装置）の・末梢的な・重要でない; （...に比べて）瑣末な (to); 【医】末端部の; コンピュータの周辺装置
〈C〉『神経』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》『神経過敏』,いらだち / 〈U〉『勇気』,度胸(courage) / 〈U〉《時にa ~》厚かましさ,ずぶとさ;無礼 / 〈C〉葉脈;(昆虫の)翅脈(しみゃく) / 〈人,特に自分〉‘に'力を与える,‘を'元気づける

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/15 16:15:25」(JST)

wiki en

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs.

In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts.^[1]^[2] Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is potentially misleading since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include non-neuronal Schwann cells that coat the axons in myelin.

Each nerve is a cordlike structure containing bundles of axons. Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endoneurium. The axons are bundled together into groups called fascicles, and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. Finally, the entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the epineurium.

Anatomy

Nerves are categorized into three groups based on the direction that signals are conducted:

Afferent nerves conduct signals from sensory neurons to the central nervous system, for example from the mechanoreceptors in skin.
Efferent nerves conduct signals from the central nervous system along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands.
Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle.

Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on where they connect to the central nervous system:

Spinal nerves innervate (distribute to/stimulate) much of the body, and connect through the spinal column to the spinal cord and thus to the central nervous system. They are given letter-number designations according to the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column.
Cranial nerves innervate parts of the head, and connect directly to the brain (especially to the brainstem). They are typically assigned Roman numerals from 1 to 12, although cranial nerve zero is sometimes included. In addition, cranial nerves have descriptive names.

Cross-section of a nerve

Each nerve is covered externally by a dense sheath of connective tissue, the epineurium. Underlying this is a layer of flat cells, the perineurium, which forms a complete sleeve around a bundle of axons. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bundles of fibres. Surrounding each such fibre is the endoneurium. This forms an unbroken tube from the surface of the spinal cord to the level where the axon synapses with its muscle fibres, or ends in sensory receptors. The endoneurium consists of an inner sleeve of material called the glycocalyx and an outer, delicate, meshwork of collagen fibres.^[2] Nerves are bundled along with blood vessels, since the neurons of a nerve have fairly high energy requirements.

Within the endoneurium, the individual nerve fibres are surrounded by a low protein liquid called endoneurial fluid. This acts in a similar way to the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system and constitutes a blood-nerve barrier similar to the blood-brain barrier.^[3] Molecules are thereby prevented from crossing the blood into the endoneurial fluid. During the development of nerve edema from nerve irritation or (injury), the amount of endoneurial fluid may increase at the site of irritation. This increase in fluid can be visualized using magnetic resonance neurography, and thus MR neurography can identify nerve irritation and/or injury.

Physiology

A nerve conveys information in the form of electrochemical impulses (known as nerve impulses or action potentials) carried by the individual neurons that make up the nerve. These impulses are extremely fast, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s. The impulses travel from one neuron to another by crossing a synapse, the message is converted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical.^[2]^[4]

Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function:

Sensory nerves conduct sensory information from their receptors to the central nervous system, where the information is then processed. Thus they are synonymous with afferent nerves.
Motor nerves conduct signals from the central nervous system to muscles. Thus they are synonymous with efferent nerves.^[1]^[2]

Clinical significance

Micrograph demonstrating perineural invasion of prostate cancer. H&E stain.

Cancer can spread by invading the spaces around nerves. This is particularly common in head and neck cancer, and prostate and colorectal cancer.

Nerves can be damaged by physical injury as well conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain injury. Autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, polyneuropathy, infection, neuritis, diabetes, or failure of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve all cause nerve damage, which can vary in severity.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease associated with extensive nerve damage. It occurs when the macrophages of an individual's own immune system damage the myelin sheaths that insulate the axon of the nerve.

A pinched nerve occurs when pressure is placed on a nerve, usually from swelling due to an injury, or pregnancy and can result in pain, weakness, numbness or paralysis. Symptoms may be felt in areas far from the actual site of damage, a phenomenon called referred pain. Referred pain can happen when the damage causes altered signalling to other areas.

Neurologists usually diagnose disorders of the nerves by a physical examination, including the testing of reflexes, walking and other directed movements, muscle weakness, proprioception, and the sense of touch. This initial exam can be followed with tests such as nerve conduction study, electromyography (EMG), and computed tomography (CT).^[5]

Growth and stimulation

Nerve growth normally ends in adolescence, but can be re-stimulated with a molecular mechanism known as "Notch signaling."^[6]

Other animals

A neuron is called identified if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal—properties such as location, neurotransmitter, gene expression pattern, and connectivity—and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has exactly one neuron with the same set of properties.^[7] In vertebrate nervous systems, very few neurons are "identified" in this sense. Researchers believe humans have none—but in simpler nervous systems, some or all neurons may be thus unique.^[8]

In vertebrates, the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish.^[9] Every fish has two Mauthner cells, located in the bottom part of the brainstem, one on the left side and one on the right. Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over, innervating (stimulating) neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord, making numerous connections as it goes. The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response: within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a C-shape, then straightens, thereby propelling itself rapidly forward. Functionally this is a fast escape response, triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish. Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish—there are about 20 more types, including pairs of "Mauthner cell analogs" in each spinal segmental nucleus. Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response all by itself, in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response.

Mauthner cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior all by itself.^[10] Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species—the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse, used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size, both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid. The concept of a command neuron has, however, become controversial, because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances.^[11]

In organisms of radial symmetry nerve nets serve for the nervous system. There is no brain or centralised head region, and instead there are interconnected neurons spread out in nerve nets. These are found in Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Echinodermata.

References

^ ^a ^b Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzppatrick D, et al. (2008). Neuroscience (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson. pp. 388–602. ISBN 0-8053-5909-5.
^ Kanda, T (Feb 2013). "Biology of the blood-nerve barrier and its alteration in immune mediated neuropathies". Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84 (2): 208–212. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302312. PMID 23243216.
^ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
^ Weinberg. Normal computed tomography of the brain. p. 109.
^ Yale Study Shows Way To Re-Stimulate Brain Cell Growth ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 1999) — Results Could Boost Understanding Of Alzheimer's, Other Brain Disorders
^ Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0.
^ "Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system".
^ Stein PSG (1999). Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior. MIT Press. pp. 38–44. ISBN 978-0-262-69227-4.
^ Stein, p. 112
^ Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). Nerve cells and animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9.

External links

List of nerves
The Nervous System at Wikibooks (human)
Nervous System at Wikibooks (non-human)
The Human Brain Project Homepage

UpToDate Contents

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1. 下肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of lower extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
2. 上肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
3. 末梢神経疾患および筋疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of peripheral nerve and muscle disease
4. 末梢神経腫瘍 peripheral nerve tumors
5. 末梢神経ブロック：手技 peripheral nerve block techniques

English Journal

The foreign body response to the Utah Slant Electrode Array in the cat sciatic nerve.

Christensen MB1, Pearce SM1, Ledbetter NM1, Warren DJ1, Clark GA1, Tresco PA2.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2014 Nov;10(11):4650-60. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Jul 17.
As the field of neuroprosthetic research continues to grow, studies describing the foreign body reaction surrounding chronic indwelling electrodes or microelectrode arrays will be critical for assessing biocompatibility. Of particular importance is the reaction surrounding penetrating microelectrode
PMID 25042798

HIV neuropathy.

Kaku M1, Simpson DM.
Current opinion in HIV and AIDS.Curr Opin HIV AIDS.2014 Nov;9(6):521-6. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000103.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present an overview of HIV-associated distal symmetric polyneuropathy (HIV-DSP) and other HIV-related peripheral neuropathies in the post-highly active retroviral therapy era.RECENT FINDINGS: HIV-DSP has become the most common neurologic complication of HIV largely due to the p
PMID 25275705

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in the adult.

Saad M1, Tafani C, Psimaras D, Ricard D.
Current opinion in oncology.Curr Opin Oncol.2014 Nov;26(6):634-41. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000139.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on the newest data on mechanistic aspects of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), its assessment and the current status of neuroprotection and treatment options.RECENT FINDINGS: Several anticancer drugs are associated with CIPN. Rodent models show
PMID 25229554

Japanese Journal

神経再生誘導チューブ(ナーブリッジ)の臨床応用 (AYUMI マイクロサージャリーに関する最近の話題)

医学のあゆみ 255(4), 291-296, 2015-10-24
NAID 40020624589

症例前縦隔に発生した悪性末梢神経鞘腫の1例

臨床放射線 60(9), 1187-1191, 2015-09
NAID 40020595025

最近の臨床神経生理学(2)末梢神経における治療への応用

総合リハビリテーション 43(6), 541-546, 2015-06
NAID 40020478985

「末梢神経」

	Library resources about; Nerve
	Resources in your library;

Nerve
	Nerves (yellow) in the arm
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nervus
TA	A14.2.00.013
FMA	65239 65132, 65239
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: peripheral nerve
ラ: nervi peripherici

「peripheral nerve disease」

　　[★]

末梢神経疾患、末梢神経性疾患

関: peripheral nervous system disease、peripheral nervous system disorder、peripheral neuropathy

「maximal peripheral nerve conduction velocity study」

　　[★] 最大末梢神経伝導速度検査

「peripheral」

　　[★]

adj.

末梢性の、末梢の、末梢神経性の、末梢神経の、周辺性の

関: peripheral nerve、peripherally、peripheric、periphery

「nerve」

　　[★]

n.

神経

関: nervi、nervous、nervus、neural、neuro、neuron

[Purves-1] Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzppatrick D, et al. (2008). Neuroscience (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.

[Marieb-2] Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson. pp. 388–602. ISBN 0-8053-5909-5.

[3] Kanda, T (Feb 2013). "Biology of the blood-nerve barrier and its alteration in immune mediated neuropathies". Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84 (2): 208–212. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302312. PMID 23243216.

[Purves_2-4] Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.

[Weinberg-5] Weinberg. Normal computed tomography of the brain. p. 109.

[6] Yale Study Shows Way To Re-Stimulate Brain Cell Growth ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 1999) — Results Could Boost Understanding Of Alzheimer's, Other Brain Disorders

[Hoyle-7] Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0.

[Wormbook-8] "Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system".

[Stein38-9] Stein PSG (1999). Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior. MIT Press. pp. 38–44. ISBN 978-0-262-69227-4.

[10] Stein, p. 112

[Simmons43-11] Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). Nerve cells and animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9.

v t e Spinal nerves

Cervical	C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital – C1 Greater occipital – C2 Third occipital – C3

Thoracic	T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial – T2 Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11 Subcostal – T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves

Lumbar	L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1–L3

Sacral	S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves

Coccygeal	anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve

v t e Nerves of the cervical plexus

Superficial	C2 Lesser occipital C2–C3 Greater auricular Transverse cervical C3–C4 Supraclavicular

Deep	C1–C3 Ansa cervicalis superior root inferior root C3–C5 Phrenic

リンク元	「末梢神経」
拡張検索	「peripheral nerve disease」「maximal peripheral nerve conduction velocity study」
関連記事	「peripheral」「nerve」

匿名

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案内

案内

peripheral nerve