WordNet

the quality or state of being mortal
occurring during the period around birth (5 months before and 1 month after); "perinatal mortality"; "perinatal care"

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〈U〉死を免れぬこと,死ぬべき運命 / 〈U〉《時にa~》死亡数;死亡率 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(戦争などによる)多数の死

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/07/02 23:56:48」(JST)

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Perinatal mortality (PNM) refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate.^[1] Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation, and ends seven completed days after birth",^[2] but other definitions have been used.^[3]

The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally, an estimated 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.^[4]

Causes

Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.^[5] Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.^[6] Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.^[5]

Fetal mortality

Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death.^[7] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20-27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.

Neonatal mortality

Neonatal mortality refers to death of a live-born baby within the first 28 days of life. Early neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality refers to death after 7 days until before 28 days. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the Infant Mortality Rate.

Perinatal mortality rate

Top ten countries with the highest perinatal mortality rates - 2012^[8]^[9]^[10]
Rank	Country	PNMR	Rank	Country	PNMR
1	Pakistan	40.7	6	Afghanistan	29.0
2	Niger	32.7	7	Bangladesh	28.9
3	Sierra Leone	30.8	8	Republic of the Congo	28.3
4	Somalia	29.7	9	Lesotho	27.5
5	Guinea-Bissau	29.4	10	Angola	27.4
As per 2014 "Save the Children" report for intrapartum stillbirths and neonatal deaths on first day of birth (per 1,000 total births)

The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis.^[11] It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.

PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries [1]. The WHO has not published contemporary data.

References

^ "Perinatal mortality rate (PMR) — MEASURE Evaluation". www.cpc.unc.edu.
^ "WHO - Maternal and perinatal health". www.who.int.
^ Richardus JH, Graafmans WC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Mackenbach JP (January 1998). "The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons". Medical Care. 36 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00007. PMID 9431331.
^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
^ ^a ^b March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death Retrieved on November 10, 2014
^ Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
^ "NVSS - Fetal Deaths". www.cdc.gov. 8 November 2017.
^ "Reports and Publications" (PDF).
^ "Million babies die a year - charity - IOL".
^ "Nigeria, Pakistan, India lead the world in infant deaths - PM NEWS Nigeria". 25 February 2014.
^ "Miscarriage Risk by Week and What Affects Your Risks of Miscarriage". 23 August 2015.

External links

WHO 2005 report
European Perinatal Health Report 2010

UpToDate Contents

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1. 周産期死亡率 perinatal mortality
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4. 胎児の健診 (初回出生前評価後) prenatal care after initial prenatal assessment
5. 胎児の発育遅延：評価およびマネージメント fetal growth restriction evaluation and management

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Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025.

Yoshida S1, Martines J2, Lawn JE3, Wall S4, Souza JP5, Rudan I6, Cousens S7; neonatal health research priority setting group, Aaby P8, Adam I9, Adhikari RK10, Ambalavanan N11, Arifeen SE12, Aryal DR13, Asiruddin S14, Baqui A15, Barros AJ16, Benn CS17, Bhandari V18, Bhatnagar S19, Bhattacharya S20, Bhutta ZA21, Black RE22, Blencowe H23, Bose C24, Brown J25, Bührer C26, Carlo W27, Cecatti JG28, Cheung PY29, Clark R30, Colbourn T31, Conde-Agudelo A32, Corbett E33, Czeizel AE34, Das A35, Day LT36, Deal C37, Deorari A38, Dilmen U39, English M40, Engmann C41, Esamai F42, Fall C43, Ferriero DM44, Gisore P45, Hazir T46, Higgins RD47, Homer CS48, Hoque DE12, Irgens L49, Islam MT50, de Graft-Johnson J51, Joshua MA52, Keenan W53, Khatoon S54, Kieler H55, Kramer MS56, Lackritz EM57, Lavender T58, Lawintono L59, Luhanga R60, Marsh D51, McMillan D61, McNamara PJ62, Mol BW63, Molyneux E64, Mukasa GK65, Mutabazi M66, Nacul LC67, Nakakeeto M68, Narayanan I69, Olusanya B70, Osrin D71, Paul V38, Poets C72, Reddy UM73, Santosham M74, Sayed R75, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE76, Singhal N77, Smith MA78, Smith PG79, Soofi S80, Spong CY81, Sultana S82, Tshefu A83, van Bel F84, Gray LV85, Waiswa P86, Wang W87, Williams SL88, Wright L73, Zaidi A89, Zhang Y90, Zhong N91, Zuniga I92, Bahl R1.
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Nitrergic system and plasmatic methylarginines: Evidence of their role in the perinatal programming of cardiovascular diseases.

Bassareo PP1, Mussap M2, Bassareo V3, Flore G4, Mercuro G4.
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