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the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)y, wye
amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein

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yttriumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/03 14:00:15」(JST)

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Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine or pancreatic peptide YY_3-36 is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PPY gene.^[1] Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; but when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is orexigenic, i.e., it increases appetite.

Peptide YY can be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product with hunger reducing attributes. ^[2]

Structure

Peptide YY is related to the pancreatic peptide family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as pancreatic peptide.^[3] The two major forms of peptide YY are PYY_1-36 and PYY_3-36, which have PP fold structural motifs. However, the most common form of circulating PYY immunoreactivity is PYY_3-36, which binds to the Y2 receptor (Y2R) of the Y family of receptors.^[4] Peptide YY_3-36 (PYY) is a linear polypeptide consisting of 36 amino acids with structural homology to NPY and pancreatic polypeptide.

Release

PYY is found in L cells in the mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, especially in ileum and colon. Also, a small amount of PYY, about 1-10%, is found in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum.^[5] PYY concentration in the circulation increases postprandially (after food ingestion) and decreases by fasting.^[4] In addition, PYY is produced by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, specifically localized to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata.^[6] C. R. Gustavsen et al. had found PYY-producing cells located in the islets of Langerhans in rats. They were observed either alone or co-localized with glucagon or PP.^[7]

Function

PYY exerts its action through NPY receptors; it inhibits gastric motility and increases water and electrolyte absorption in the colon.^[8] PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion. It is secreted by the neuroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. PYY works by slowing the gastric emptying; hence, it increases efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Research has also indicated PYY may be useful in removing aluminium accumulated in the brain.^{[citation needed]}

Animal studies

Several studies have shown acute peripheral administration of PYY_3-36 inhibits feeding of rodents and primates. Other studies on Y2R-knockout mice have shown no anorectic effect on them. These findings indicate PYY_3-36 has an anorectic (losing appetite) effect, which is suggested to be mediated by Y2R. PYY-knockout female mice increase in body weight and fat mass. PYY-knockout mice, on the other hand, are resistant to obesity, but have higher fat mass and lower glucose tolerance when fed a high-fat diet, compared to control mice. Thus, PYY also plays a very important role in energy homeostasis by balancing food intake.^[4]

Relevance to obesity

Leptin also reduces appetite in response to feeding, but obese people develop a resistance to leptin. Obese people secrete less PYY than non-obese people,^[9] and attempts to use PYY directly as a weight-loss drug have met with some success. Researchers noted the caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30% in obese subjects (P<0.001) and 31% in lean subjects (P<0.001).^[10]

While some studies have shown obese persons have lower circulating level of PYY postprandially, other studies have reported they have normal sensitivity to the anorectic effect of PYY_3-36. Thus, reduction in PYY sensitivity may not be one of the causes of obesity, in contrast to the reduction of leptin sensitivity. The anorectic effect of PYY could possibly be a future obesity drug.^[4]

The consumption of protein boosts PYY levels, so some benefit was observed in experimental subjects in reducing hunger and promoting weight loss.^[11] This would help explain the weight-loss experienced with high-protein diets.

Obese patients undergoing gastric bypass showed marked metabolic adaptations, resulting in frequent diabetes remission 1 year later. When the confounding of calorie restriction is factored out, β-cell function improves rapidly, very possibly under the influence of enhanced GLP-1 responsiveness. Insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss, with a possible involvement of PYY.^[12]

References

^ EntrezGene 5697
^ http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf
^ DeGroot, Leslie Jacob (1989). J. E. McGuigan, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 2754. ISBN 0-7216-2888-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Murphy KG, Bloom SR (December 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". Nature 444 (7121): 854–9. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.
^ Taylor IL (March 1985). "Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay". Gastroenterology 88 (3): 731–7. PMID 3838162.
^ Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL (2008). "Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons". J Comp Neurol 506 (2): 194–210. doi:10.1002/cne.21543. PMID 18022952.
^ Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS (2008). "An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi". Acta Histochem. 110 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003. PMID 18406449.
^ Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6. PMID 8607584.
^ Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA (June 2002). "Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty". Obes Surg 12 (3): 324–7. doi:10.1381/096089202321088084. PMID 12082881.
^ Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (September 2003). "Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36". The New England Journal of Medicine 349 (10): 941–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PMID 12954742.
^ Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ (2006). "Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation". Cell Metabolism 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001. PMID 16950139.
^ Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293.

External links

Peptide YY at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 膵ポリペプチド、ペプチドYY、およびニューロペプチドY pancreatic polypeptide peptide yy and neuropeptide y
2. 成人における肥満：薬物療法 obesity in adults drug therapy
3. 拒食症：内分泌合併症と患者のマネージメント anorexia nervosa endocrine complications and their management
4. 短腸症候群の病態生理 pathophysiology of the short bowel syndrome
5. 健常者および疾患を有する患者における消化管ホルモンの概要 overview of gastrointestinal peptides in health and disease

English Journal

Antisecretory effect of prescribed appetite stimulator drug cyproheptadine in rat intestine.

Meddah B1, Limas-Nzouzi N, Mamadou G, Miantezila J, Soudy ID, Eto B.Author information 1Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat, TBC - TransCell-Lab Laboratory, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75890, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Team pharmacokinetic, Mohammed V Souissi University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.AbstractCyproheptadine (Cph) is an antiserotoninergic and antihistaminergic agent with alpha-blocking activity and central sedative effect. Cph has been found to be effective in stimulating appetite, but to our knowledge, its direct effects on the intestine have not been documented. We aimed to assess the antisecretory effects of Cph in rat proximal colon using Ussing chambers' technique. In basal and serotonin (5-HT)-stimulated conditions, Cph induced a dose-dependent reduction in short-circuit current (Isc). This effect was different in fed vs. fasted rats (EC50 = 1.9 × 10(-5 ) m and 4.9 × 10(-5 ) m, respectively). As expected, Cph induced a marked dose-dependent rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to 5-HT (pA2 = 5.4). The effect of Cph was found to be close to that of antisecretory agents in the following sequence: peptide YY > somatostatin > clonidine > Cph > C7-sorbin. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that Cph has a direct effect on the inhibition of electrogenic ionic secretion in intestinal epithelium in vitro. Our results indicate that Cph can modulate the intestinal transport of electrolytes and provide a new insight into the peripheral effects of this drug, which is frequently prescribed as appetite stimulator in developing countries.
Fundamental & clinical pharmacology.Fundam Clin Pharmacol.2014 Jun;28(3):303-9. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12029. Epub 2013 Apr 9.
Cyproheptadine (Cph) is an antiserotoninergic and antihistaminergic agent with alpha-blocking activity and central sedative effect. Cph has been found to be effective in stimulating appetite, but to our knowledge, its direct effects on the intestine have not been documented. We aimed to assess the a
PMID 23565811

GLP-1 and peptide YY secretory response after fat load is impaired by insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in morbidly obese subjects.

Fernández-García JC1, Murri M, Coin-Aragüez L, Alcaide J, El Bekay R, Tinahones FJ.Author information 1Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain; Research laboratory, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.AbstractOBJECTIVE: Both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are gut hormones involved in energy homoeostasis. Obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia are significant confounders when GLP-1 and PYY secretion is assessed. Thus, we evaluated GLP-1 and PYY response after fat load in morbidly obese patients with different degrees of insulin resistance and glycemic status.
Clinical endocrinology.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2014 May;80(5):671-6. doi: 10.1111/cen.12221. Epub 2013 May 6.
OBJECTIVE: Both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are gut hormones involved in energy homoeostasis. Obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia are significant confounders when GLP-1 and PYY secretion is assessed. Thus, we evaluated GLP-1 and PYY response after fat load in morb
PMID 23573808

Japanese Journal

便秘を伴う卵巣原発カルチノイド腫瘍の一例

深川怜史,宮原大輔,漆山大知 [他]
福岡産科婦人科学会雑誌 38(1), 31-34, 2014-07
NAID 40020224728

1.マウス膵臓ランゲルハンス島におけるビタミンD受容体依存性の食欲調節ホルモンpeptide YYの発現誘導(第342回会議研究発表要旨,脂溶性ビタミン総合研究委員会)

崔美花,小関淳,梅田香織,石原寿光,加藤茂明,槇島誠
ビタミン 88(5・6), 328-329, 2014-06-25
NAID 110009823466

Effects of miglitol, vildagliptin, or their combination on serum insulin and peptide YY levels and plasma glucose, cholecystokinin, ghrelin, and obestatin levels

Aoki Kazutaka,Kamiyama Hiroshi,Masuda Kiyomi,Kamiko Kazunari,Noguchi Yoshihiko,Tajima Kazuki,Terauchi Yasuo
Endocrine Journal 61(3), 249-256, 2014
… We previously reported that combination therapy with an α-glucosidase inhibitor (αGI) and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor increased active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels and decreased total glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels, compared with monotherapy, in non-diabetic men. … However, the peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and obestatin levels in patients receiving a combination of αGIs and DPP-4 inhibitors have not been previously reported. …
NAID 130004443941

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「Y」

Peptide YY
	; PDB rendering based on 1qbf.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2DEZ, 2DF0, 2L60
Identifiers
Symbols	PYY ; PYY-I; PYY1
External IDs	OMIM: 600781 MGI: 99924 HomoloGene: 3066 GeneCards: PYY Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• hormone activity; • neuropeptide hormone activity;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space;
Biological process	• cellular component movement; • cytoskeleton organization; • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • cell-cell signaling; • digestion; • feeding behavior; • cell proliferation; • eating behavior;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

[entrez-1] EntrezGene 5697

[2] ttp://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf

[isbn0-7216-2888-5-3] DeGroot, Leslie Jacob (1989). J. E. McGuigan, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 2754. ISBN 0-7216-2888-5.

[pmid17167473-4] Murphy KG, Bloom SR (December 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". Nature 444 (7121): 854–9. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.

[pmid3838162-5] Taylor IL (March 1985). "Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay". Gastroenterology 88 (3): 731–7. PMID 3838162.

[6] Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL (2008). "Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons". J Comp Neurol 506 (2): 194–210. doi:10.1002/cne.21543. PMID 18022952.

[pmid18406449-7] Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS (2008). "An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi". Acta Histochem. 110 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003. PMID 18406449.

[8] Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6. PMID 8607584.

[pmid12082881-9] Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA (June 2002). "Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty". Obes Surg 12 (3): 324–7. doi:10.1381/096089202321088084. PMID 12082881.

[pmid12954742-10] Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (September 2003). "Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36". The New England Journal of Medicine 349 (10): 941–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PMID 12954742.

[11] Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ (2006). "Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation". Cell Metabolism 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001. PMID 16950139.

[pmid24057293-12] Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293.

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peptide YY