penile
- adj.
- ペニスの、陰茎の、男根の
- 関
- (n.)penis
WordNet
- of or relating to the penis; "penile erection" (同)penial
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/15 19:12:25」(JST)
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Penis (plural penises or penes) is a general term for the organs with which male and hermaphrodite animals introduce sperm into receptive females during copulation. Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species, and in those species in which the male does bear a so-called penis, the penes in the various species are not necessarily homologous. For example, the penis of a mammal is at most analogous to the penis of a male insect or barnacle.
The term penis applies to many reproductive intromittent organs, but not to all; for example the intromittent organ of most cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialised arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps.
In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation as the occasion requires. The Blue Whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet, typically measuring 8–10 feet.
Contents
|
In different animals
Vertebrates
Mammals
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As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between individuals of the same species. In many animals, especially mammals, the size of a flaccid penis is smaller than its erect size.
A bone called the baculum or os penis is present in most mammals but absent in humans and horses.
In mammals the penis is divided into three parts:[1]
- Roots (crura): these begin at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch.
- Body: the part of the penis extending from the roots.
- Glans: the free end of the penis.
The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a horse's penis can enlarge more than a bull's penis. The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis.
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An adult elephant has the largest penis of any land animal at 6 feet (1.8 m) on average.[2] An elephant's penis can reach a length of 100 cm (39 in) and a diameter of 16 cm (6 in) at the base. It is S-shaped when fully erect and has a Y-shaped orifice.[3] During musth, a male elephant may urinate with the penis still in the sheath, which causes the urine to spray on the hind legs.[4]
The male fossa has an unusually long penis and baculum (penis bone), reaching to between his forelegs when erect. The glans extends about halfway down the shaft and is spiny except at the tip. In comparison, the glans of felids is short and spiny, while that of viverrids is smooth and long.[5] Fossa mating includes a copulatory tie, which may be enforced by the male's spiny penis. This unusually lengthy mating is due to the physical nature of the male's erect penis, which has backwards-pointing spines along most of its length.[6]
In giant anteaters, the (retracted) penis and testes are located internally between the rectum and urinary bladder.[7]
When C. villosus is sexually aroused with an erect penis, species determination is easier. Its penis can be as long as 35 mm, and usually remains completely withdrawn inside a skin receptacle.[8] Scientists conducting studies on the C. villosus penis muscles revealed this species' very long penis exhibits variability. During its waking hours, it remains hidden beneath a skin receptacle, until it becomes erect and it projects outside in a rostral direction. During its slow wave sleep phase, penile protrusion makes some very complex movements. The penis during this phase is not erect, but remains outside of its receptacle. During paradoxical sleep, no erections occur, and the penile muscles share the characteristics of the rest of the body.[9]
Tapirs have exceptionally long penises relative to their body size.[10][11][12][13][further explanation needed]
A stag's penis forms an S-shaped curve when it is not erect, and is retracted into its sheath by the retractor penis muscle.[14] Red deer stags often have erect penises during combat.[15] A sambar stag will mark itself by spraying urine directly in the face with a highly mobile penis, which is often erect during its rutting activities.[16]
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Stallions have a vascular penis. When non-erect, it is quite flaccid and contained within the prepuce (foreskin, or sheath). The retractor penis muscle is relatively underdeveloped. Erection and protrusion take place gradually, by the increasing tumescence of the erectile vascular tissue in the corpus cavernosum penis.[17]
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Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.[17][18][19] Bulls are occasionally affected by a condition known as "corkscrew penis"[further explanation needed].[20][21] All members of Carnivora (except hyenas) have a baculum.[22] In the Canoidea, the penis is highly specialized.[23][further explanation needed]
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Canids, including wolves[24][25][26][27] and dogs, have a bulbus glandis at the base of their penis. The penis sometimes emerges from the fur-covered sheath during sexual arousal.[28][29] During coitus the bulbus glandis swells up and results in a 'tie' (the male and female dogs being tied together). Muscles in the vagina of the female assist the retention by contracting.[citation needed] Male dogs have a conspicuous penis sheath.[30]
Cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimeter long backwards-pointing spines.[31] Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. Male felids usually urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward.[32][23]
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The penis on a right whale can be up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) – the testes, at up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length, 78 cm (2.56 ft) in diameter, and weighing up to 525 lb (238 kg), are also by far the largest of any animal on Earth.[33]
Accurate measurements of the blue whale are difficult to take because the whale's erect length can only be observed during mating.[34]
Dolphins' reproductive organs are located on the underside of the body. Males have two slits, one concealing the penis and one further behind for the anus.[35][36][37]
Most marsupials, except for the two largest species of kangaroos[clarify], have a bifurcated penis, separated into two columns, so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females' two vaginas.[38][39][40][41][42] Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum.[43] When not erect, it is retracted into the body in an S-shaped curve.[40] The shape of the glans varies among species.[40][44][45][46][further explanation needed]
Bulls, rams and boars have an S-shaped penis with a sigmoid flexure which straightens out during erection.
As a general rule, a mammal's penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between species – even between closely related ones. For example, an adult gorilla's erect penis is about 4 cm (1.5 in) in length; an adult chimpanzee, significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms.[47]
In the realm of absolute size, the smallest vertebrate penis belongs to the common shrew (5 mm or 0.2 inches).
Echidnas have a four-headed penis, but only two of the heads are used during mating. The other two heads "shut down" and do not grow in size. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal has sex.[48]
It has been postulated that the shape of the human penis may have been selected by sperm competition. The shape could have favored displacement of seminal fluids implanted within the female reproductive tract by rival males: the thrusting action which occurs during sexual intercourse can mechanically remove seminal fluid out of the cervix area from a previous mating.[49]
Other vertebrates
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Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites),[50] Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans),[24] and a very few other species (such as flamingoes[citation needed], chickens,[51] and ostriches[51][52]). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood.[51] It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca. The Argentine Blue-bill has the largest penis in relation to body size of all vertebrates; while usually about half the body size (20 cm), a specimen with a penis 42.5 cm long is documented.
Male turtles and crocodiles have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata have two paired organs called hemipenes. Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction.[53]
In some fishes, the gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.
Invertebrates
The record for the largest penis to body size ratio is held by the barnacle. The barnacle's penis can grow to up to forty times its own body length. This enables them to reach the nearest female.[34]
In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus.
A number of invertebrate species have independently evolved the mating technique of traumatic insemination where the penis penetrates the female's abdomen and deposits sperm in the wound it produces. This has been most fully studied in bedbugs.
Etymology
The word "penis" is taken from the Latin word for "tail." Some derive that from Indo-European *pesnis, and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European *pesos. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English the penis was referred to as a "yard". The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word yard used in this sense from 1379,[54] and notes that in his Physical Dictionary of 1684, Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[55]
As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or excretory functions, the penis is the subject of many slang words and euphemisms for it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". See WikiSaurus:penis for a list of alternative words for penis.
The Latin word "phallus" (from Greek φαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describe representations, pictorial or carved, of the penis.[56]
Pizzle, an archaic English word for penis, of Low German or Dutch origin, is now used to denote the penis of a non-human animal.[citation needed]
The adjectival form of the word penis is penile. This adjective is commonly used in describing various accessory structures of male copulatory organs found in many kinds of invertebrate animals.[citation needed]
See also
- Baculum
- Bulbus glandis
- Buried Penis
- Castration complex
- Diphallia
- Dildo
- Erogenous zone
- Human penis
- Koteka
- Micropenis
- Penis enlargement
- Penis envy
- Penis Plant
- Penis removal
- Penis size
- Phallic architecture
- Phallus
- Preputial mucosa
- Preputioplasty
- Pseudo-penis
- Pubic hair
- Stamen
- Stunt cock
- Testicle
- Vulva
References
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- ^ Giustina, Anthony (31 December 2005). Sex World Records. Lulu.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-4116-6774-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=_FBGVW9qKpAC&pg=PA152. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ Shoshani, p. 80.
- ^ Sukumar, pp. 100–08.
- ^ Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ Macdonald, D.W., ed. (2009). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14069-8.
- ^ Naugher, K. B. (2004). "Anteaters (Myrmecophagidae)". In Hutchins, M.; Kleiman, D. G; Geist, V.; McDade, M. С.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 13 (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 171–79. ISBN 0-7876-7750-7.
- ^ "New data on armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) for Central Patagonia, Argentina." Agustin M. Abba, et al.
- ^ "Absence of penile erections during paradoxical sleep. Peculiar penile events during wakefulness and slow wave sleep in the armadillo." Jorge M. Affanni, et al. [1]
- ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Marshall Cavendish. 1 January 2001. pp. 1460–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7194-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=wFdWlrnz_uoC&pg=PA1460&dq=tapiridae+penis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6kgAUab1Cq670QGEloGwDA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tapiridae%20penises&f=false. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
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- ^ Jeffrey Quilter (1 April 2004). Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica. University of Iowa Press. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-58729-484-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=8Y3wB33zvRkC&pg=PA181&dq=tapir+penis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eDA0UbzEE-iX0QHz_oG4CA&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=tapir%20penis&f=false. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ni6Hbqm04vIC&pg=PA312&dq=deer+penis+erect&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B1MZUd-dGofE0AGBuYHYAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=deer%20penis%20erect&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=KXM3F59y1jkC&pg=PA166&dq=deer+penis+erect&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B1MZUd-dGofE0AGBuYHYAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=deer%20penis%20erect&f=false
- ^ Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology. Valerius Geist. Stackpole Books. 1998. Pg. 73-77.
- ^ a b Sarkar, A. (2003). Sexual Behaviour In Animals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9.
- ^ Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals - William O. Reece - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=bull%20sigmoid%20flexure&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Modern Livestock and Poultry Production - James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Z9o_vGPP4cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=bull%20sigmoid%20flexure&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=6MaO63mKKrsC&pg=PT1619&dq=bull+%22corkscrew+penis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EcwVUaqCJdGM0QH87ICQCg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Ww07sIWTYAAC&pg=PA105&dq=bull+%22corkscrew+penis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EcwVUaqCJdGM0QH87ICQCg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bull%20%22corkscrew%20penis%22&f=false
- ^ Lex Hes (1997). Complete Book of Sa Mammals. Struik. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=CavgCweI1nMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis%20bone&f=false. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ a b R. F. Ewer (1973). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=canoidea%20penis&f=false. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ a b MobileReference (15 December 2009). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide to Mammals of North America. MobileReference. pp. 977–. ISBN 978-1-60501-279-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=VxK4KWrGn2cC&pg=PT977&dq=wolf+bulbus+glandis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PZrGUIicDpS70AGO54CgCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Kim Long (1996). Wolves: A Wildlife Handbook. Big Earth Pub. ISBN 978-1-55566-158-8. http://books.google.com/books?ei=PZrGUIicDpS70AGO54CgCg&id=DwcrXurTJpEC&dq=wolf+bulbus+glandis&q=bulbus+glandis#search_anchor. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ L. David Mech (16 May 2012). Wolf. Random House Digital, Inc.. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-307-81913-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=KOQZrXvczGMC&pg=PT172&dq=wolf+bulbus+glandis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PZrGUIicDpS70AGO54CgCg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (1 September 2010). Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 252–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7882-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA252&dq=wolf+mating+penis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0G3GUPOsIeqP0QGoxoHADw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=wolf%20mating%20penis&f=false. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ Denis R. Lane; B. C. Cooper (2003). Veterinary Nursing 3e. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-7506-5525-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=driJ1awa180C&pg=PA72&dq=mating+glans&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QM0vUb39HqSp0AGNsYCQDw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ Michael S. Garvey, D.V.M.; Anne E. Hohenhaus, D.V.M. (10 December 2008). The Veterinarians' Guide to Your Dog's Symptoms. Random House Digital, Inc.. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-0-307-49286-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=WiKky6vrJ8QC&pg=PT194&dq=dog+penis+sheath&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U_IXUYaIM-rx0wHmoIDICA&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ George B. Schaller (15 October 2009). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. University of Chicago Press. pp. 329–. ISBN 978-0-226-73660-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PA329&dq=urinate+sheath+canid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IvEXUZUCz4bRAcGugdAB&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=urinate%20sheath%20canid&f=false. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). "Penile spines of the domestic cat: their endocrine-behavior relations". Anat. Rec. 157 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. PMID 6030760. http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf.
- ^ Reena Mathur (2010). Animal Behaviour 3/e. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-747-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=QKXOCgoI6D8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=curved%20backward&f=false. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A. (2003). Wild mammals of North America : biology, management, and conservation (2nd ed. ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 432. ISBN 9780801874161. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-xQalfqP7BcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA432#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b "The Largest Penis in the World – Both for humans and animals, size does matter! – Softpedia". News.softpedia.com. 2007-01-05. http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Penis-in-the-World-43756.shtml. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
- ^ Dolphin Chronicles - Carol J. Howard - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=pewZhNQ7jggC&pg=PT129&dq=dolphin+penis+genital+slit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R4KuUIazE7LK0AGZ6IGYAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- ^ The Dusky Dolphin: Master Acrobat Off Different Shores - Bernd G. Würsig, Bernd Wursig, Melany Wursig - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=KudBOfRXjWAC&pg=PA156&dq=dolphin+penis+genital+slit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R4KuUIazE7LK0AGZ6IGYAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dolphin%20penis%20genital%20slit&f=false. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- ^ Conservation Endangered Spe: An Interdisciplinary Approach - Edward F. Gibbons, Jr., Barbara Susan Durrant, Jack Demarest - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=OuYcepU_YjMC&pg=PA435&dq=dolphin+penis+genital+slit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R4KuUIazE7LK0AGZ6IGYAw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=dolphin%20penis%20genital%20slit&f=false. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- ^ Anna King (2001). "Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction". Iowa State University Biology Dept.. http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- ^ Walker's Mammals of the World - Ronald M. Nowak - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ a b c Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials - Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe, Marilyn Renfree - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. 1987-01-30. http://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Predators With Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials - Menna Jones, Chris R. Dickman, Mike Archer, Michael Archer - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. 2003-04-30. http://books.google.com/books?id=3YQSDiWHfD0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's ... - Tim Flannery - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=ep-PUlwyxDMC&pg=PA60&dq=kangaroo+penis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DMC7UJD6EYXN0AHS1YGQCQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kangaroo%20penis&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Walker's Mammals of the World - Ronald M. Nowak - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=baculum%20marsupial&f=false. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Australian Mammal Society (December 1978). Australian Mammal Society. Australian Mammal Society. pp. 73–. http://books.google.com/books?id=N_ifwszrgFsC&pg=PA73&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zTZUOrFK-TG0AGMjIDIAw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Wilfred Hudson Osgood; Charles Judson Herrick (1921). A monographic study of the American marsupial, Caēnolestes .... University of Chicago. pp. 64–. http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ag9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zTZUOrFK-TG0AGMjIDIAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ The Urologic and Cutaneous Review. Urologic & Cutaneous Press. 1920. pp. 677–. http://books.google.com/books?id=nApEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA677&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zTZUOrFK-TG0AGMjIDIAw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Human penis is larger than that of any other primate. Darwin's legacy: scenarios in human evolution, p. 121. S.T. Parker, K.E. Jaffe.
- ^ Shultz, N. (2007-10-26). "Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis". New Scientist website. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12838. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
- ^ Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). "Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans". Current Directions in Psychological Science 16: 47. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x. edit
- ^ Julian Lombardi (1998). Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-8336-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=cqQX9RMPAegC. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ a b c Frank B. Gill (6 October 2006). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=zM0tG5ApO0UC&pg=PA414. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ M. M. Shanaway; John Holmes Dingle (1999). Ostrich Production Systems: a review. case studies / by John Dingle. Food & Agriculture Org.. ISBN 978-92-5-104300-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=BfjUW8ZVinkC. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ Lutz, Dick (2005), Tuatara: A Living Fossil, Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS, ISBN 0-931625-43-2
- ^ Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund, eds. (1989). "yard, n.2". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Online edition, print version ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8, CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-19-861016-8. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50288747.
- ^ Simpson, John, ed. (2005). "penis, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Draft revision September 2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. Online edition. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50174565. (1989 second edition: ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8, CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-19-861016-8)
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=penis&searchmode=none. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
External links
| Look up penis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Media related to Penis at Wikimedia Commons
- Kinsey Institute on the penis
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 陰茎癌：臨床症状および診断 carcinoma of the penis clinical presentation and diagnosis
- 2. ファスナーによる損傷のマネージメント management of zipper injuries
- 3. 成人における亀頭炎および亀頭包皮炎 balanitis and balanoposthitis in adults
- 4. 小児における亀頭包皮炎：臨床症状、診断、および治療 balanoposthitis in children clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
- 5. 陰茎癌：外科的および内科的治療 carcinoma of the penis surgical and medical treatment
English Journal
- Identification of somatic gene mutations in penile squamous cell carcinoma.
- Ferrándiz-Pulido C1,2, Hernández-Losa J2,3, Masferrer E4,5, Vivancos A6, Somoza R3, Marés R3, Valverde C2,7, Salvador C2,8, Placer J2,8, Morote J2,8, Pujol RM4,9, Ramon S, Cajal Y2,3, de Torres I2,3, Toll A4,9, García-Patos V1,2.
- Genes, chromosomes & cancer.Genes Chromosomes Cancer.2015 Oct;54(10):629-37. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22274. Epub 2015 Jul 27.
- There is a lack of studies on somatic gene mutations and cell signaling driving penile carcinogenesis. Our objective was to analyze somatic mutations in genes downstream of EGFR in penile squamous cell carcinomas, especially the mTOR and RAS/MAPK pathways. We retrospectively analyzed somatic mutatio
- PMID 26216163
- Laser micro-dissection and qPCR for identifying specific HPV types responsible for malignancy in penile lesions.
- Lebelo RL1, Thys S2, Benoy I3, Depuydt CE3, Bogers JP2,3, Bida MN4, Mphahlele MJ1.
- Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Oct;87(10):1761-8. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24229. Epub 2015 Jun 25.
- The aim of the study was to identify specific human papillomavirus (HPV) type responsible for malignancy in penile tissue samples using laser micro-dissection and TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The study was based on two pre-malignant and seven malignant penile tissue samples and laser mi
- PMID 26112393
- Role of histological findings and pathologic diagnosis for detection of human papillomavirus infection in men.
- Vyas NS1, Pierce Campbell CM2,3, Mathew R4,5, Abrahamsen M2,3, Van der Kooi K4,5, Jukic DM4,5,6, Stoler MH7, Villa LL8, da Silva RC9, Lazcano-Ponce E10, Quiterio M10, Salmeron J10,11, Sirak BA2, Ingles DJ2,3, Giuliano AR2,3, Messina JL3,4,5,12.
- Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Oct;87(10):1777-87. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24238. Epub 2015 May 6.
- Early HPV infection in males is difficult to detect clinically and pathologically. This study assessed histopathology in diagnosing male genital HPV. External genital lesions (n = 352) were biopsied, diagnosed by a dermatopathologist, and HPV genotyped. A subset (n = 167) was diagnosed indep
- PMID 25945468
Japanese Journal
- 症例 勃起時の陰茎に高度の弯曲を認めたペロニー病の1例
- 形成外科 59(6), 663-668, 2016-06
- NAID 40020868510
- 症例報告 陰茎結核疹と思われる1例
- 臨床皮膚科 = Japanese journal of clinical dermatology 70(4), 311-314, 2016-04
- NAID 40020784581
- Determination of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in Anogenital Cancers in Myanmar
- Acta Medica Okayama 70(2), 103-110, 2016-04
- NAID 120005749828
Related Links
- penile - WordReference English-Japanese Dictionary.
- 9 Jun 2008 ... Penile ejection on ABC -- HOPKINS. peach15213. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe. Loading... 9 videos. Loading... Alert icon. You need Adobe Flash Player to watch this video. Download it from Adobe. Alert icon. Close ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ペニス」「penes」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「penile induration」「penile neoplasm」 |