WordNet

of or relating to the medical care of children; "pediatric dentist" (同)paediatric
the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children (同)paediatrics, pediatric medicine, pedology

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=pediatrics
《単数扱い》小児科学

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/18 21:37:57」(JST)

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This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see Pediatrics (journal). For the branch of dentistry, see Pedodontics.

Not to be confused with Podiatry.

An examination of newly born baby.

Pediatrics (or paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children; they derive from two Greek words: παῖς (pais = child) and ἰατρός (iatros = doctor or healer).

In the United States, a pediatrician (US spelling) is often a primary care physician who specializes in children, whereas in the Commonwealth a paediatrician (British spelling) generally is a medical specialist not in primary general practice.^{[citation needed]}

History

Pediatrician
Occupation
Names	Pediatrician; Paediatrician;
Activity sectors	Medicine
Description
Education required	Doctor of Medicine; Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine;

Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom, which was the first paediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.

Pediatrics is a relatively new medical specialty. A 2nd century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics;^[1] the Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi (865–925) published a short treatise on diseases among children.^[2] The first printed book on pediatrics was in Italian (1472) – Bagallarder's Little Book on Disease in Children.^[3] Pediatrics as a specialized field of medicine developed in the mid-19th century; Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) is known as the father of pediatrics because of his many contributions to the field.^[4] He was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City.

In the Western world, the first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades (French: Hospital for Sick Children), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.^[5] From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,^[6] and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by merger with the physically contiguous Necker Hospital, founded in 1778.

This example was only gradually followed in other European countries. The Charité (a hospital founded in 1710) in Berlin established a separate Paediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at Saint Petersburg in 1834, and at Vienna and Breslau (now Wrocław), both in 1837. The English-speaking world waited until 1852 for its first paediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, some fifty years after the founding of its namesake in Paris.^[5] In the USA, the first similar institutions were the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Children's Hospital (1869).^[7]

Training of pediatricians

The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the Commonwealth. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the USA), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "internship" or "conditional registration". Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eight or more years, (depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization). The post-graduate training for a primary care physician, including primary care pediatricians, is generally not as lengthy as for a hospital-based medical specialist. In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) specialization. Specialist training is often largely under the control of pediatric organizations (see below) rather than universities,and depending on jurisdiction.

References

^ P.M. Dunn, "Soranus of Ephesus (circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times", Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal, 1995 July; 73(1): F51–F52.[1]
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [2]
^ "Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)". Desai,A.B. (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8
^ "Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2
^ ^a ^b Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "'One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)'". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. 22. New York, NY: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
^ official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
^ Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "'Pediatrics in the United States'". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. 22. New York, NY: Raven Press. pp. 55–63. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pediatrics

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Pediatrics

Look up Pediatrics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

American Academy of Pediatrics
Canadian Paediatric Society
Pediatric Collection by the BMJ – Collection of Pediatric papers published in the British Medical Journal.
Health-EU Portal – Babies' and Children's health in the EU
Paediatrics.info
New York University Pediatrics Video Lectures

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill children: clinical value of two lists of diagnostic criteria.

Villeneuve A1, Joyal JS1, Proulx F1, Ducruet T1, Poitras N1, Lacroix J2.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0144-6. Epub 2016 Apr 29.
BACKGROUND: Two sets of diagnostic criteria of paediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were published by Proulx in 1996 and by Goldstein in 2005. We hypothesized that this changes the epidemiology of MODS. Thus, we determined the epidemiology of MODS, according to these two sets of dia
PMID 27130424

Association of REL polymorphisms and outcome of patients with septic shock.

Toubiana J1,2,3, Courtine E4,5, Tores F6, Asfar P7, Daubin C8, Rousseau C5, Ouaaz F5, Marin N9, Cariou A4,9, Chiche JD4,5,9, Mira JP4,5,9.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0130-z. Epub 2016 Apr 8.
BACKGROUND: cRel, a subunit of NF-κB, is implicated in the inflammatory response observed in autoimmune disease. Hence, knocked-out mice for cRel had a significantly higher mortality, providing new and important functions of cRel in the physiopathology of septic shock. Whether genetic variants in t
PMID 27059500

Experts' recommendations for the management of cardiogenic shock in children.

Brissaud O1, Botte A2, Cambonie G3, Dauger S4, de Saint Blanquat L5, Durand P6, Gournay V7, Guillet E8, Laux D9, Leclerc F10, Mauriat P11, Boulain T12, Kuteifan K13.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0111-2. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
Cardiogenic shock which corresponds to an acute state of circulatory failure due to impairment of myocardial contractility is a very rare disease in children, even more than in adults. To date, no international recommendations regarding its management in critically ill children are available. An exp
PMID 26879087

Japanese Journal

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臨地実習における看護技術の経験の実態(第2報)

野並由希,松村晶子,安藤千恵,山本和代,今村優子,高藤裕子,大西昭子,國重絵美,吉田亜紀子
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