Not to be confused with palpitations.
| Palpation |
| Intervention |
|
Palpation of a child's abdomen
|
| MeSH |
D010173 |
| MedlinePlus |
002284 |
|
Look up palpation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
Look up palpable in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Palpation is the process of using one's hands to examine the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness.[1] Usually performed by a healthcare practitioner, it is also the process of feeling an object in or on the body to determine its size, shape, firmness, or location (such as a veterinarian would check/feel the stomach of a pregnant animal to ensure good health and successful delivery).
Contents
- 1 Uses
- 2 Locating anatomical landmarks
- 3 Elastography
- 3.1 Computerized palpation
- 4 Palpation under general anesthesia
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Uses
Palpation is used by medical doctors, and practitioners of chiropracty, massage therapy, osteopathic medicine, physical therapy, and occupational therapy, to assess the texture of a patient's tissue (such as swelling or muscle tone), to locate the spatial coordinates of particular anatomical landmarks (e.g., to assess range and quality of joint motion), and assess tenderness through tissue deformation (e.g. provoking pain with pressure or stretching). In summary, palpation might be used either to determine painful areas and to qualify pain felt by patients, or to locate three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks to quantify some aspects of the palpated subject.
Palpation is typically used for thoracic and abdominal examinations, but can also be used to diagnose edema and to measure the pulse. It is used by veterinarians to check animals for pregnancy, and by midwives to determine the position of a fetus.
Quantitative palpation of anatomical landmarks for measurements must occur according to strict protocols if one wishes to achieve reproducible measurements. Palpation protocols are usually based on well-described definitions for the location of anatomical, usually skeletal, landmarks.
Locating anatomical landmarks
Locating anatomical landmarks can be performed using two palpation protocols: 1) manual palpation that allows spatial location of landmarks using hands combined or not with three-dimensional (3D) digitizing, and 2) virtual palpation on 3D computer models obtained, for example, from medical imaging.
-
Manual palpation of skeletal landmarks combined with 3D digitizing (see text below for explanations).
-
Virtual palpation of skeletal landmarks.
Manual palpation of skeletal landmarks (illustrated here on a patient's shoulder, see left image). The gauntlet on the palpating ha (left) allows to locate the spatial coordinates of the palpated landmarks with a satisfactory accuracy (below 1 cm). Reflective markers are part of the scientific protocol and allow further quantified motion analysis for joint disorders follow-up.
Virtual palpation of skeletal landmarks located on a 3D bone models (illustrated here on a patient's knee model obtained from medical imaging, see right image). Colored spheres on bones indicate palpated skeletal landmarks. This method combined with quantified manual palpation allows subject-specific visualization of joint behavior during particular motion tasks (e.g., walking, stair climbing, etc.).
The above protocols can be used independently. Manual palpation is used in clinical activities for various aims: - identification of painful areas; - positioning of particular pieces of equipment (electromyography electrodes, auscultation, external landmarks used in clinical motion analysis or body surface scanning); or - measurements of morphological parameters (e.g., limb length). Virtual palpation alone is useful to quantify individual morphological parameters from medical imaging: - limb length; - limb orientation; - joint angle; or - distance between various skeletal locations.
Combining data from both manual and virtual palpation protocols allows achieving supplementary analysis: - registration protocols aiming at building reference frames for motion representation according reproducible clinical conventions; - to modelize joint kinematics accurately during musculoskeletal analysis; - to align precisely orthopedic tools according to the individual anatomy of a patient; or - to wrap and to scale surface textures to motion data when creating animation characters.
Use of standardized definitions for the above activities allows better result comparison and exchange;[2] this is a key element for patient follow-up, or the elaboration of quality clinical and research databases. Such definitions also allow acceptable repeat ability by individuals with different backgrounds (physiotherapists, medical doctors, nurses, engineers, etc.). If applied strictly, these definitions allow better data exchange and result comparison thanks to standardization of the procedure. Without anatomical landmark standardization, palpation is prone to error and poorly reproducible.
Elastography
Conventional ultrasonography (lower image) and elastography (supersonic shear imaging; upper image) of papillary thyroid carcinoma, a malignant cancer. The cancer (red) is much stiffer than the healthy tissue.
Main article: Elastography
Nowadays, the medical imaging modality of elastography can also be used to determine the stiffness of tissues. Manual palpation suffers from several important limitations: it is limited to tissues accessible to the physician's hand, it is distorted by any intervening tissue, and it is qualitative but not quanitative. Elastography is able to overcome many these challenges and improve on the benefits of palpation.
Elastography is a relatively new technology, and entered the clinic primarily in the last decade. The most prominent techniques use ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make both the stiffness map and an anatomical image for comparison.
Computerized palpation
While not widespread amongst elastography methods, computerized palpation is of interest here because it essentially uses palpation to measure the stiffness, whereas other techniques will obtain data using other methods. Computerized palpation is also called "Tactile Imaging", "Mechanical imaging" or "Stress imaging", is a medical imaging modality that translates the sense of touch into a digital image. The tactile image is a function of P(x,y,z), where P is the pressure on soft tissue surface under applied deformation and x,y,z are coordinates where pressure P was measured. Tactile imaging closely mimics manual palpation, since the probe of the device with a pressure sensor array mounted on its face acts similar to human fingers during clinical examination, slightly deforming soft tissue by the probe and detecting resulting changes in the pressure pattern.
Palpation under general anesthesia
Palpation under general anesthesia is sometimes necessary, such as when there is a need to palpate structures deep in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, since it would otherwise cause considerable patient discomfort and subsequent contraction of the abdominal muscles which would make the examination difficult.[3] It is used, e.g. in the staging of cervical cancer.
See also
- Physical examination
- Inspection (medicine)
- Percussion (medicine)
- Elastography
- Auscultation
- Motion analysis
- Medical imaging
- Tactile imaging
References
- ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/palpation
- ^ Van Sint Jan S, Della Croce U 2005 Identifying the location of human skeletal landmarks: why standardized definitions are necessary – a proposal. Clinical Bio mechanics 20:659-660.
- ^ Pelvic examination under anesthesia at Uptodate. Author: William J Mann, Jr, MD. This topic last updated: Oct 8, 2012.
|
Medical examination and history taking
|
|
| Medical history |
- Chief complaint
- History of the present illness
- Systems review
- Allergies
- Past medical history
- Family history
- Social history
- Psychiatric history
- Progress notes
- Mnemonics
|
|
| Physical examination |
|
General/IPPA
|
- Inspection
- Auscultation
- Palpation
- Percussion
|
|
|
Vital signs
|
- Temperature
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Respiratory rate
|
|
|
HEENT
|
Oral mucosa · TM · Eyes (Ophthalmoscopy, Swinging-flashlight test) · Hearing (Weber, Rinne)
|
|
|
Respiratory
|
- Respiratory signs and symptoms
- Respiratory sounds
- Cyanosis
- Clubbing
|
|
|
Cardiovascular
|
- Precordial examination
- Peripheral vascular examination
- Cardiovascular signs and symptoms
- Other
- Jugular venous pressure
- Abdominojugular test
- Carotid bruit
- Ankle brachial pressure index
|
|
|
Abdominal
|
|
Digestive
|
Liver span · Rectal · Murphy's sign · Bowel sounds
|
|
|
Urinary
|
Murphy's punch sign
|
|
|
|
Extremities/Joint
|
Back (Straight leg raise) · Knee (McMurray test) · Hip · Wrist (Tinel sign, Phalen maneuver) · Shoulder (Adson's sign) · GALS screen
|
|
|
Neurological
|
- Mental state
- Mini–mental state examination
- Cranial nerve examination
- Upper limb neurological examination
|
|
|
Neonatal
|
- Apgar score
- Ballard Maturational Assessment
|
|
|
Gynecological
|
- Well-woman examination
- Vaginal examination
- Breast examination
- Cervical motion tenderness
|
|
|
| L/I |
Labs (Electrolytes, ABG, LFT) · Medical imaging (EKG, CXR, CT, MRI)
|
|
| A/P |
Medical diagnosis · Differential diagnosis
|
|
|
Orthopedic examination
|
|
| General |
- Straight leg raise
- Gait abnormality
- Unequal leg length
- Range of motion
- Palpation
|
|
| Lower Limb |
| Hip examination |
- Galeazzi test
- Barlow maneuver
- Ober's test
- Ortolani test
- Patrick's test
- Thomas test
- Trendelenburg's sign
|
|
| Knee examination |
- Apley grind test
- Ballottement
- Clarke's test
- Drawer test
- Lachman test
- McMurray test
- Patella tap
- Pivot-shift test
- Wilson test
- Valgus stress test
|
|
| Foot & Ankle |
- Hubscher's maneuver
- Mulder's sign
- Simmonds' test
|
|
|
| Upper Limb |
| Shoulder examination |
- Apprehension test
- Gerber's test
- Hawkins-Kennedy test
- Neer impingement sign
- O'Brien's test
- Speed's test
- Yergason's test
|
|
| Elbow examination |
- Cozen's test
- Elbow extension test
|
|
| Wrist & Hand |
- Durkan's test
- Finkelstein's test
- Froment's sign
- Lunotriquetral shear test
- Phalen maneuver
- Tinel sign
- Watson's test
|
|
|
| Spine |
- Gaenslen's test
- Schober's test
- Waddell's signs
- Larrey's sign
|
|
|
Index of joint
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- head and neck
- cranial
- arms
- torso and pelvis
- legs
- bursae and sheathes
- Physiology
|
|
| Disease |
- Arthritis
- acquired
- back
- childhood
- soft tissue
- Congenital
- Injury
- Symptoms and signs
- Examination
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- rheumatoid arthritis
- gout
- topical analgesics
|
|
|
