卵胎生の

関: ovoviviparity

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producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

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(生物が)卵胎生の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/26 12:04:33」(JST)

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The characteristic quivering abdomen caused by movement of tadpoles within a pregnant female Limnonectes larvaepartus

Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, or ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos that develop inside eggs remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. This method of reproduction is similar to viviparity, but the embryos have no placental connection with the mother and receive their nourishment from a yolk sac. In some species, this is supplemented by uterine secretions or other maternal provisioning.

The young of ovoviviparous amphibians are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside the body of the mother, and in some insect species, such as the tachinid flies, the embryos develop to the first larval instar stage before they are laid and the eggs hatch almost immediately.

Ovoviviparity

Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in which there is internal fertilization and the young are born live, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk; the mother's body does provide gas exchange (sharks and rays). The terms "ovoviviparity" or "aplacental viviparity" have been deprecated because they encompass several unrelated modes of reproduction.^[1]

In some species, the internally developing embryos rely solely on yolk. This is known as "yolk-sac viviparity" and is regarded as a type of lecithotrophy (no maternal provisioning). Other species exhibit matrotrophy, in which the embryo exhausts its yolk supply early in gestation and mother provides additional nutrition. This additional provisioning may be in the form of unfertilized eggs (intrauterine oophagy), uterine secretions (histotrophy), or it may be delivered through a placenta. The first two of these modes were categorized under aplacental viviparity.^[2]

Amphibians

The young of ovoviviparous amphibians are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside the body of the mother. Modes of reproduction include^[3] based on relations between zygote and parents:

Ovuliparity: external fertilisation, as in arthropods, many bony fishes, and most amphibians
Oviparity: internal fertilisation, where the female lays zygotes as eggs with important vitellus (typically birds)
Ovo-viviparity can be thought of as a form of oviparity where the zygotes are retained in the female's body or in the male's body, but there are no trophic interactions between zygote and parents. This is found in Anguis fragilis. In seahorses, zygotes remain in the male's ventral "marsupium". In the frog Rhinoderma darwinii, the zygotes develop in the vocal sac. In the frog Rheobatrachus, zygotes develop in the stomach.^[4]

Ovolarviparity

Some insects, notably tachinid flies, are ovolarviparous, which means that the embryos develop into the first larval stage (instar) within the eggs while still in the female's oviduct. As a result, the larvae hatch more rapidly, sometimes immediately after egg deposition, and can begin feeding right away. A similar phenomenon is larviparity, in which larvae hatch before the female delivers them, although this may be mistakenly identified in species with very thin and transparent egg membranes.^[5]^[6]

References

^ Blackburn, D. G. (2000). Classification of the reproductive patterns of amniotes.:" Herpetological Monographs", 371-377.
^ Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R., eds. (2012). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press. pp. 296–301. ISBN 1439839247.
^ Thierry Lodé 2001. Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux (reproduction strategies in animal kingdom). Eds Dunod Sciences, Paris
^ Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs: A Natural History. Chapter 12, Gastric Brooding Frogs pp;135–140 Reed Books
^ Capinera, John L. (2008). "Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)". Encyclopedia of entomology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3678–3679. ISBN 9781402062421.
^ Wiman, Nik G.; Jones, Vincent P. (2012). "Influence of oviposition strategy of Nemorilla pyste and Nilea erecta (Diptera: Tachinidae) on parasitoid fertility and host mortality" (PDF). Biological Control. 64 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.12.008.

English Journal

Characterization and processing of superoxide dismutase-fused vitellogenin in the diapause embryo formation: a special developmental pathway in the brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica.

Chen S, Chen DF, Yang F, Nagasawa H, Yang WJ.SourceKey Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2011 Jul;85(1):31-41. Epub 2011 Mar 17.
To withstand environmental stress, Artemia release diapause cysts via an oviparous pathway instead of producing swimming nauplius larvae by the ovoviviparous pathway. Encased in such a cyst, the embryos at diapause can survive for many years. Vitellogenin (Vtg), the precursor of vitellins, the main
PMID 21415137

A model for optimal offspring size in fish, including live-bearing and parental effects.

Jorgensen C, Auer SK, Reznick DN.SourceUni Research, Bergen, Norway. christian.jorgensen@bio.uib.no
The American naturalist.Am Nat.2011 May;177(5):E119-35.
Since Smith and Fretwell's seminal article in 1974 on the optimal offspring size, most theory has assumed a trade-off between offspring number and offspring fitness, where larger offspring have better survival or fitness, but with diminishing returns. In this article, we use two ubiquitous biologica
PMID 21508600

Japanese Journal

Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Various Marine Fish Species during the Larval Stage

KADOMURA Kazushi,NARUSE Sayaka,SUGIHARA Shin,YAMAGUCHI Kenichi,ODA Tatsuya
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 71(8), 2029-2033, 2007-08-23
… Our results suggest that the larvae of these six marine fishes produce ROS to considerably different extents depending on species, and that rockfish species, belonging to ovoviviparous fish, tend to produce much higher levels of ROS especially at the later larval stage. …
NAID 10027517953

The Conservation-Refugium Value of Small and Disturbed Brazilian Atlantic Forest Fragments for the Endemic Ovoviviparous Cockroach Monastria biguttata (Insecta : Dictyoptera, Blaberidae, Blaberinae)

PELLENS Roseli,GRANDCOLAS Philippe
Zoological science 24(1), 11-19, 2007-01-25
… In this paper we assess the refugium value of small fragments to the conservation of one of the endemics of the Atlantic forest, the ovoviviparous cockroach Monastria biguttata. …
NAID 10018877763

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卵胎生

関: ovoviviparous

[1] Blackburn, D. G. (2000). Classification of the reproductive patterns of amniotes.:" Herpetological Monographs", 371-377.

[2] Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R., eds. (2012). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press. pp. 296–301. ISBN 1439839247.

[3] Thierry Lodé 2001. Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux (reproduction strategies in animal kingdom). Eds Dunod Sciences, Paris

[4] Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs: A Natural History. Chapter 12, Gastric Brooding Frogs pp;135–140 Reed Books

[5] Capinera, John L. (2008). "Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)". Encyclopedia of entomology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3678–3679. ISBN 9781402062421.

[6] Wiman, Nik G.; Jones, Vincent P. (2012). "Influence of oviposition strategy of Nemorilla pyste and Nilea erecta (Diptera: Tachinidae) on parasitoid fertility and host mortality" (PDF). Biological Control. 64 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.12.008.

v t e Modes of reproduction

Modes	Oviparity Ovuliparity Viviparity (Histotrophic, Hemotrophic) Ovoviviparity

Fertilization	External fertilization Internal fertilization

Parental care	birds fish (mouthbrooding) humans mammals

Related topics	Adelphophagy Gastric-brooding frog Live-bearing aquarium fish Male pregnancy Matrotrophy Oophagy Pregnancy in fish Trophic egg

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ovoviviparous