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producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

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(生物が)卵胎生の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/20 15:49:49」(JST)

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Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, or ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and the young are born live, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk; the mother's body does provide gas exchange (respiration), but that is largely necessary for oviparous animals as well.

Ovoviviparity is employed by many aquatic life forms such as some fish, reptiles, and invertebrates.

Elasmobranchs [edit]

In sharks and rays, the terms "ovoviviparity" or "aplacental viviparity" have been deprecated because they encompass several unrelated modes of reproduction. In some species, the internally developing embryos rely solely on yolk. This is known as "yolk-sac viviparity" and is regarded as a type of lecithotrophy (no maternal provisioning).

Other species exhibit matrotrophy, in which the embryo exhausts its yolk supply early in gestation and mother provides additional nutrition. This additional provisioning may be in the form of unfertilized eggs (intrauterine oophagy), uterine secretions (histotrophy), or it may be delivered through a placenta. The first two of these modes were categorized under aplacental viviparity.^[1]

Amphibians [edit]

The young of ovoviviparous amphibians are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside the body of the mother. Five modes of reproduction can be differentiated ^[2] based on relations between zygote and parents:

Ovuliparity: fecundation (fertilisation) is external (in arthropods and bony fishes, most frogs)
Oviparity: fecundation is internal, the female lays zygotes as eggs with important vitellus (typically birds)
Ovo-viviparity: or oviparity with retention of zygotes in the female's body or in the male's body, but there are no trophic interactions between zygote and parents. (Anguis fragilis is an example of ovo-viviparity). In sea horse, zygotes are retained in the male's ventral "marsupium". In the frog Rhinoderma darwinii, the zygotes developed in the vocal sac. In the frog Rheobatrachus, zygotes developed in the stomach.^[3]
Histotrophic viviparity: the zygotes develop in the female's oviducts, but find their nutriments by oophagy or adelphophagy (intrauterine cannibalism in some sharks or in the black salamander Salamandra atra).
Hemotrophic viviparity: nutriments are provided by the female, often through a placenta. In the frog Gastrotheca ovifera, embryos are fed by the mother through specialized gills. The lizard Pseudomoia pagenstecheri and most mammals exhibit a hemotrophic viviparity.

Ovolarviparity [edit]

Among entomologists some authorities^[4] prefer the term ovolarviparous for insects that produce hatched or hatching larvae, in contrast to animals such as many ovoviviparous snakes and lizards that give birth to young that already largely resemble their adult form.

The idea is useful in some contexts, but hard to circumscribe in detail. For one thing there are gradations of resemblance between young and mature organisms of the same species, making it hard to draw clear distinctions between young and larvae, and accordingly, between ovoviviparity and ovolarviparity. At first sight this objection is not persuasive; there is an undeniable resemblance between the parents and the young of a newly born aphid or chameleon (such as the genus Bradypodion), so it is easy to class them as ovoviviparous. In contrast there is a dramatic difference between the newly-born larvae of some ovolarviparous tachinid and Sarcophagid flies and the parents, making it equally easy to argue that they should be classed as ovolarviparous.

However, it also is easy to make too much of such resemblances. There are systematic and functional differences between mature chameleons and their offspring (young lacking noticeable crests and bright colours etc.) Internal differences between neonates and adults reduce certain physiological challenges to growth, and externally visible differences inhibit adult aggression towards young. The differences clearly are not incidental; one could argue that the young chameleon is as much of a larva as the newly born fly offspring is. The differences between insect larvae and adults might be more dramatic than the differences between young and mature chameleon, but one could argue that they are no more significant in principle.

Many other differences between young and mature viviparous or ovoviviparous organisms are clearly adaptive rather than adventitious; one could make a strong case for regarding human babies as larvae for example, considering the distinct differences in their skeletal and hormonal development and in their bodily proportions. If one is to distinguish between ovoviviparity and ovolarviparity, then one might as well argue that placental mammals clearly are larviparous rather than viviparous, and marsupials even more so.

A comparatively small number of species of insects bear larvae already fully grown and ready to pupate. The most tempting example is probably the Tsetse fly, but that is an example of true vivipary or perhaps "larvipary", not ovovivipary, or ovolarvipary. This is because the larva has already shed its skin more than once before its birth and emergence from the egg has nothing to do with its birth.^[5]

References [edit]

^ Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R., ed. (2012). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press. pp. 296–301. ISBN 1439839247.
^ Thierry Lodé 2001. Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux (reproduction strategies in animal kingdom). Eds Dunod Sciences, Paris
^ Tyler, M. J. (1994). Australian Frogs: A Natural History. Chapter 12, Gastric Brooding Frogs pp;135–140 Reed Books
^ Wood, D. M. 1987. Chapter 110. Tachinidae. Pp. 1193-1269 in McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. and D.M. Wood (eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28: i-vi, 675-1332.
^ Chapman, R. F. (1998). The insects: structure and function. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57890-6.

English Journal

Characterisation of kisspeptin system genes in an ovoviviparous teleost: Sebastes schlegeli.

Song H1, He Y1, Ma L1, Zhou X1, Liu X1, Qi J2, Zhang Q3.
General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2015 Apr 1;214:114-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.010. Epub 2014 Jun 20.
Kisspeptins are neuropeptides that play important roles in the reproduction and the onset of puberty in vertebrate by activating their receptor, Kissr. In the present study, we first isolated kiss1 and kissr4 genes from an ovoviviparous fish, the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) by homologue clon
PMID 24955882

Molecular events in adaptive evolution of the hatching strategy of ovoviviparous fishes.

Kawaguchi M1, Tomita K, Sano K, Kaneko T.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution.J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol.2015 Jan;324(1):41-50. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22601.
Ovoviviparous fish, whose embryonic development and hatching take place in the maternal body, is one of the good model organisms for studying adaptive evolution. Using genome database of the ovoviviparous platy Xiphophorus maculatus, we tried to search hatching enzyme genes (high choriolytic enzyme
PMID 25504928

Structural and Genetic Investigation of the Egg and First-Instar Larva of an Egg-Laying Population of Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a Species of Forensic Importance.

Pimsler ML1, Pape T2, Johnston JS3, Wharton RA3, Parrott JJ3, Restuccia D3, Sanford MR4, Tomberlin JK3, Tarone AM3.
Journal of medical entomology.J Med Entomol.2014 Nov 1;51(6):1283-95. doi: 10.1603/ME14029. Epub 2014 Nov 1.
Flies in the family Sarcophagidae incubate their eggs and are known to be ovoviviparous (i.e., ovolarviparous), but a laboratory-maintained colony of Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann) deposited clutches of viable eggs over 10 generations. A description of the egg and first-instar larva of this spe
PMID 26309319

Japanese Journal

Rearing method for the sporophagous thrips Bactrothrips brevitubus (Thysanoptera : Phlaeothripidae : Idolothripinae)

SHIBATA Tomohiro,KRANZ Brenda D.,TSUCHIDA Koji
Entomological science 10(2), 129-133, 2007-06-25
NAID 10027360745

ヤチモンツキダニの生殖法と発育速度

栗城源一
日本ダニ学会誌 2(1), 7-13, 1993-05-25
福島県猪苗代町谷地平地区のミズゴケ湿原で最も優占するササラダニ, ヤチモンツキダニTrhypochthoniellus setosus Willmannを種々の温度条件下で飼育し, その生殖法, 産仔数, 各発育段階の成長速度を検討した。ヤチモンツキダニの生殖法は, 産雌単為生殖で卵胎生である。雌は最盛期には1&acd;3日間隔で幼虫を1個体ずつ産下し, 20℃での平均産仔数は3.3個体, 25℃ …
NAID 110001794892

ヤチモンツキダニの生殖法と発育速度

栗城源一
日本ダニ学会誌 2(1), 7-13, 1993
福島県猪苗代町谷地平地区のミズゴケ湿原で最も優占するササラダニ,ヤチモンツキダニTrhyp ochthoniellus setosus Willmannを種々の温度条件下で飼育し,その生殖法,産仔数,各発育段階の成長速度を検討した。ヤチモンツキダニの生殖法は,産雌単為生殖で卵胎生である。雌は最盛期には1～3日間隔で幼虫を1個体ずつ産下し,20℃での平均産仔数は3.3個体,25℃では10.5個体,2 …
NAID 130003710368