Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/28 10:07:14」(JST)

wiki en

This article is about physiological/psychological stimulation. For the well activity, see Well stimulation. For the album, see Stimulation (album).

Not to be confused with Simulation.

Excited audience members in Australia.

Stimulation or excitation is the action of various agents (stimuli) on nerves, muscles, or a sensory end organ, by which activity is evoked; especially, the nervous impulse produced by various agents on nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which the part connected with the nerve is thrown into a state of activity.

The word is also often used metaphorically. For example, an interesting or fun activity can be described as "stimulating", regardless of its physical effects on nerves. Stimulate means to act as a stimulus to; stimulus means things that rouse to activity.

Overview[edit]

Stimulation in general refers to how organisms perceive incoming stimuli. As such it is part of the stimulus-response mechanism. Simple organisms broadly react in three ways to stimulation: too little stimulation causes them to stagnate, too much to die from stress or inability to adapt, and a medium amount causes them to adapt and grow as they overcome it. Similar categories or effects are noted with psychological stress with people. Thus, stimulation may be described as how external events provoke a response by an individual in the attempt to cope.

Over-stimulation[edit]

Psychologically, it is possible to become habituated to a degree of stimulation, and then find it uncomfortable to have significantly more or less. Thus one can become used to an intense life, or television, and suffer withdrawal when they are removed, from lack of stimulation, and it is possible to also be unhappy and stressed due to additional abnormal stimulation.

It is hypothesized that long term over-stimulation can result eventually in a phenomenon called "adrenal exhaustion" over time, but this is neither medically accepted nor proven at this time^{[citation needed]}.

What is sure is that ongoing, long term stimulation, can for some individuals prove harmful, and a more relaxed and less stimulated life may be beneficial. See also; sensory overload and burnout.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 前頭側頭型認知症：治療 frontotemporal dementia treatment
2. 付属器腫瘤の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of the adnexal mass
3. 乳児疝痛：臨床的特徴および病因 infantile colic clinical features and diagnosis
4. 乳児疝痛：評価およびマネージメント infantile colic management and outcome
5. 小児および思春期における乳房疾患：概要 breast disorders in children and adolescents an overview

English Journal

Causes and Consequences of Sensory Hair Cell Damage and Recovery in Fishes.

Smith ME1, Monroe JD2.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;877:393-417. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_17.
Sensory hair cells are the mechanotransductive receptors that detect gravity, sound, and vibration in all vertebrates. Damage to these sensitive receptors often results in deficits in vestibular function and hearing. There are currently two main reasons for studying the process of hair cell loss in
PMID 26515323

PEGylated d-serine dehydratase as a d-serine reducing agent.

Ito T1, Takada H1, Isobe K1, Suzuki M2, Kitaura Y1, Hemmi H1, Matsuda T1, Sasabe J2, Yoshimura T3.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2015 Dec 10;116:34-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.044. Epub 2015 Jan 4.
d-Serine is an endogenous coagonist for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and is involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Excessive receptor activation causes excitotoxicity, leading to various acute and chronic neurological disorders. Decrease in d-serine content may provide a therapeutic stra
PMID 25617179

Variation in acoustic overstimulation changes tinnitus characteristics.

Kiefer L1, Schauen A1, Abendroth S1, Gaese BH1, Nowotny M2.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Dec 3;310:176-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
Tinnitus often occurs after exposure to loud noise. This raises the question of whether repeated exposure to noise increases the risk of developing tinnitus. We thus studied tinnitus development after repeated acoustic overstimulation using startle and auditory brainstem-response techniques applied
PMID 26365609

Japanese Journal

Expansion of PD-1-Positive Effector CD4 T Cells in an Experimental Model of SLE : Contribution to the Self-Organized Criticality Theory

Miyazaki Yumi,Tsumiyama Ken,Yamane Takashi,Ito Mitsuhiro,Shiozawa Shunichi
The Kobe journal of the medical sciences 59(2), 64-71, 2013-00-00
… We observed that overstimulation of CD4 T cells in mice led to the development of autoantibody-inducing CD4 T cells (aiCD4 T) capable of generating various autoantibodies and pathological lesions identical to those observed in SLE. … Thus, overstimulation with antigen leads to the expansion of a novel effector CD4 T cell population that expresses an unusual memory marker, PD-1, and that may contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. …
NAID 110009595413

Novel Action of the Chalcone Isoliquiritigenin as a Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Inhibitor : Potential Therapy for Cholera and Polycystic Kidney Disease

Muanprasat Chatchai,Sirianant Lalida,Soodvilai Sunhapas [他],CHOKCHAISIRI Ratchanaporn,SUKSAMRARN Apichart,CHATSUDTHIPONG Varanuj
Journal of pharmacological sciences 118(1), 82-91, 2012-01-20
… Overstimulation of cAMP-activated Cl<SUP>−</SUP> …
NAID 10030454282

Superstimulation of Follicular Growth in Thai Native Heifers by a Single Administration of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Dissolved in Polyvinylpyrrolidone

CHASOMBAT Jakkhaphan,SAKHONG Denpong,NAGAI Takashi,PARNPAI Rangsun,VONGPRALUB Thevin
Journal of Reproduction and Development, 2012
… This indicates a state of overstimulation of ovaries in this group. …
NAID 130002475085