WordNet

relating to physical reality rather than with thoughts or the mind; "a concern with outward beauty rather than with inward reflections"
toward the outside; "move the needle further outward!" (同)outwards

PrepTutorEJDIC

=outward
『外側へ』,外へ / 外見上,見たところ / 『外へ向かう』 / 『外側の』,外部の,外面の

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 蟯虫症および鞭虫症 enterobiasis and trichuriasis
2. 小児および思春期における自然縦隔気腫 spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children and adolescents
3. 手首の解剖学および基本的な生体力学 anatomy and basic biomechanics of the wrist
4. 成人における難聴の評価 evaluation of hearing loss in adults
5. 悪性中大脳動脈領域梗塞に対する減圧開頭術 decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction

English Journal

In the right place at the right time: Parnassia resolves the herkogamy dilemma by accurate repositioning of stamens and stigmas.

Armbruster WS, Corbet SA, Vey AJ, Liu SJ, Huang SQ.Author information School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK.AbstractBackground and Aims Spatial (herkogamy) and temporal (dichogamy) separation of pollen presentation and stigma receptivity have been interpreted as reducing interference between male and female functions in hermaphroditic flowers. However, spatial separation leads to a potential conflict: reduced pollination accuracy, where pollen may be placed in a location on the pollinator different from the point of stigma contact. Methods To understand better how herkogamous flowers resolve this conflict, a study was made of a subalpine herb, Parnassia epunctulata, the nectariferous flowers of which exhibit sequential anther dehiscence (staggered pollen presentation) and stamen movements; usually one newly dehisced anther is positioned each day over the central gynoecium, while the older stamens bend away from the central position. Key Results The open flowers were visited by a variety of pollinators, most of which were flies. Seed set was pollinator-dependent (bagged flowers set almost no seeds) and pollen-limited (manual pollination increased seed set over open pollination). Analyses of adaptive accuracy showed that coordinated stamen movements and style elongation (movement herkogamy) dramatically increased pollination accuracy. Specifically, dehiscing anthers and receptive stigmas were positioned accurately in the vertical and horizontal planes in relation to the opposite sexual structure and pollinator position. By contrast, the spatial correspondence between anthers and stigma was dramatically lower before the anthers dehisced and after stamens bent outwards, as well as before and after the period of stigmatic receptivity. Conclusions It is shown for the first time that a combination of movement herkogamy and dichogamy can maintain high pollination accuracy in flowers with generalized pollination. Staggered pollen and stigma presentation with spatial correspondence can both reduce sexual interference and improve pollination accuracy.
Annals of botany.Ann Bot.2014 Jan;113(1):97-103. doi: 10.1093/aob/mct261. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Background and Aims Spatial (herkogamy) and temporal (dichogamy) separation of pollen presentation and stigma receptivity have been interpreted as reducing interference between male and female functions in hermaphroditic flowers. However, spatial separation leads to a potential conflict: reduced pol
PMID 24265349

A New Addition to the Cell Plan of Anammox Bacteria: "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" Has a Protein Surface Layer as the Outermost Layer of the Cell.

van Teeseling MC, de Almeida NM, Klingl A, Speth DR, Op den Camp HJ, Rachel R, Jetten MS, van Niftrik L.Author information Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.AbstractAnammox bacteria perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and have a unique compartmentalized cell consisting of three membrane-bound compartments (from inside outwards): the anammoxosome, riboplasm, and paryphoplasm. The cell envelope of anammox bacteria has been proposed to deviate from typical bacterial cell envelopes by lacking both peptidoglycan and a typical outer membrane. However, the composition of the anammox cell envelope is presently unknown. Here, we investigated the outermost layer of the anammox cell and identified a proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) (a crystalline array of protein subunits) as the outermost component of the cell envelope of the anammox bacterium "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis." This is the first description of an S-layer in the phylum of the Planctomycetes and a new addition to the cell plan of anammox bacteria. This S-layer showed hexagonal symmetry with a unit cell consisting of six protein subunits. The enrichment of the S-layer from the cell led to a 160-kDa candidate protein, Kustd1514, which has no homology to any known protein. This protein is present in a glycosylated form. Antibodies were generated against the glycoprotein and used for immunogold localization. The antiserum localized Kustd1514 to the S-layer and thus verified that this protein forms the "Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" S-layer.
Journal of bacteriology.J Bacteriol.2014 Jan;196(1):80-9. doi: 10.1128/JB.00988-13. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
Anammox bacteria perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and have a unique compartmentalized cell consisting of three membrane-bound compartments (from inside outwards): the anammoxosome, riboplasm, and paryphoplasm. The cell envelope of anammox bacteria has been proposed to deviate from typi
PMID 24142254

Dissociating affordance and spatial compatibility effects using a pantomimed reaching action.

Couth S, Gowen E, Poliakoff E.Author information Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Carys Bannister Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, Samuel.couth@manchester.ac.uk.AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated faster reaction times in response to appropriately oriented action-inducing stimuli (affordance effect, e.g. Tucker and Ellis in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:830-846, 1998). However, it has been argued that faster responses may be due to a spatial compatibility effect. In the current investigation, we aimed to dissociate the affordance and spatial compatibility effects. Moreover, we explored these effects beyond button-press responses by measuring detailed kinematics of the arms and hands during a naturalistic reach response. Participants were presented with images of a door handle (affording) or an abstract (non-affording) stimulus and made a pantomimed reach response with either hand depending on a colour change of the stimulus (i.e. Blue = left, Green = right). Stimuli could be aligned as spatially compatible or incompatible with the responding hand. The colour change occurred after a delay of 0, 500 or 1,000 ms. Only spatially compatible affordance stimuli facilitated reach onset compared to other stimuli and compatibility combinations, replicating previous reaction time studies. Therefore, in the absence of graspable stimuli, spatial compatibility alone was not sufficient to facilitate reach onset. There was also a larger outwards deviation of reach trajectory for spatially incompatible abstract stimuli compared to spatially compatible abstract stimuli, which waned with stimulus onset delay. However, no such affect was observed for the affording stimuli. Accordingly, later kinematics of the reaching action was influenced by the spatial compatibility of the stimulus alone. Overall, the dissociation of affordance and spatial compatibility effects suggests that these effects are driven by visuomotor priming and the inhibition of the incompatible spatial location, respectively.
Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale.Exp Brain Res.2013 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Previous research has demonstrated faster reaction times in response to appropriately oriented action-inducing stimuli (affordance effect, e.g. Tucker and Ellis in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:830-846, 1998). However, it has been argued that faster responses may be due to a spatial compatib
PMID 24337351

Japanese Journal

Growth of Barrier Type Anodic Film on Magnesium in Ethylene Glycol-Water Mixed Electrolytes Containing Fluoride and Phosphate

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 57(9), 1552-1559, 2016
NAID 130005289940

Growth of Barrier Type Anodic Film on Magnesium in Ethylene Glycol-Water Mixed Electrolytes Containing Fluoride and Phosphate

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005165736

Multiscale simulations of swift heavy ion irradiation effect on bilayer graphene

IEICE Electronics Express 13(8), 20151040-20151040, 2016
NAID 130005147720

Related Pictures

Outwards Pictures to Pin on Pinterest - ThePinsta Orange Arrow Stock Images, Royalty-Free Images & Vectors | Shutterstock Door Opens Outward & Caution Door Opens Outward 18.5in X 12.5in Balcony doors opening outwards – Norwood English Outwards Stock Images, Royalty-Free Images & Vectors | Shutterstock Door Opens Outwards Signs - from Key Signs UK davesdistrictblog: Lent inwards leant outwards Outward Stock Images, Royalty-Free Images & Vectors | Shutterstock