orthopteran

直翅類

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Orthoptera

WordNet

1. grasshoppers and locusts; crickets (同)order Orthoptera
2. heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by the flapping of wings (同)ornithopter

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/26 11:24:17」(JST)

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Orthoptera Temporal range: Carboniferous–recent 359–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Roesel's bush-cricket
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Superorder:	Orthopterida
(unranked):	Panorthoptera
Order:	Orthoptera Latreille, 1793
Extant suborders and superfamilies
Suborder Ensifera Grylloidea Hagloidea Rhaphidophoroidea Schizodactyloidea Stenopelmatoidea Tettigonioidea Suborder Caelifera Acridoidea Eumastacoidea Pneumoroidea Pyrgomorphoidea Tanaoceroidea Tetrigoidea Tridactyloidea Trigonopterygoidea

The Orthoptera order of insects includes the grasshoppers, crickets, cave crickets, Jerusalem crickets, katydids, weta, lubber, Acrida, and locusts. More than 27,000 species are distributed worldwide. Many insects in this order have paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, and produce sound (known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals.

Grasshoppers are able to fold their wings, placing them in the group Neoptera.

Etymology

The name is derived from the Greek ortho meaning 'straight' and ptera meaning 'winged'.

Characteristics

Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with hindlegs elongated for jumping. They have mandibulate mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes, and may or may not have ocelli, depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints and filiform type, and are of variable length.

The first and third segments on the thorax are larger, while the second segment is much smaller. They have two pairs of wings, which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina, are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwing is membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci. and their wing type is tegmina.

Life cycle

Orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous lifecycle or incomplete metamorphosis. The use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs. Most grasshoppers lay their eggs in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults, but lack wings and at this stage are often called 'hoppers'. They may often also have a radically different coloration from the adults. Through successive moults, the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings.

The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.

Orthoptera as food

See also: Kosher locust

The Orthoptera include the only insects considered kosher in Judaism. The list of dietary laws in the book of Leviticus forbids all flying insects that walk, but makes an exception for certain locusts. Strangely, the dragonfly and cranefly are not kosher, but they are helpless when unable to fly. The Torah states the only kosher flying insects with four walking legs have knees that extend above their feet so that they hop. Thus nonjumping Orthoptera such as mole crickets are certainly not kosher.

Phylogenetics

The branching order of these animals is fairly well understood. The suborders Caelifera and Ensifera appear to be monophyletic and the Rhaphidophoridae are a sister group of the Tettigoniidae. The Pyrgomorphidae are the most basal group of Caelifera. The Myrmecophilidae appear to form a clade with the Gryllotalpidae instead of with the Gryllidae. Additional work may be needed to confirm this.

Among the four subfamilies of Tettigoniidae, the relationships are (Phaneropterinae + (Conocephalinae + (Bradyporinae + Tettigoniinae))); among six acridid subfamilies the relationships are (Oedipodinae + (Acridinae + (Gomphocerinae + (Oxyinae + (Calliptaminae + Cyrtacanthacridinae))))).

Classification

Two suborders and 235 subfamilies are in this order.

Teratodus monticollis hooded grasshopper

• Suborder Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts
  • Infraorder Acrididea
    • Superfamily Acridoidea
      • Acrididae – grasshoppers, locusts
      • Charilaidae
      • Dericorythidae
      • Lathiceridae
      • Lentulidae
      • Lithidiidae
      • Ommexechidae
      • Pamphagidae – toad grasshoppers
      • Pyrgacrididae
      • Romaleidae – lubber grasshoppers
      • Tristiridae
    • Superfamily Eumastacoidea
      • Chorotypidae
      • Episactidae
      • Eumastacidae – monkey grasshopper or matchstick grasshoppers
      • Euschmidtiidae
      • Mastacideidae
      • Morabidae
      • Promastacidae†
      • Proscopiidae – stick grasshoppers or jumping sticks
      • Thericleidae
        Proscopiid from the Andes of Peru
    • Superfamily Locustopsoidea†
      • Araripelocustidae†
      • Bouretidae†
      • Eolocustopsidae†
      • Locustavidae†
      • Locustopsidae†
    • Superfamily Pneumoroidea
      • Pneumoridae – bladder grasshoppers
    • Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea
      • Pyrgomorphidae – gaudy grasshoppers
    • Superfamily Tanaoceroidea
      • Tanaoceridae
    • Superfamily Tetrigoidea
      • Tetrigidae – grouse locusts
    • Superfamily Trigonopterygoidea
      • Trigonopterygidae
      • Xyronotidae
  • Infraorder Tridactylidea
    • Superfamily Dzhajloutshelloidea†
      • Dzhajloutshellidae†
    • Superfamily Regiatoidea†
      • Regiatidae†
    • Superfamily Tridactyloidea
      • Cylindrachetidae – sandgropers
      • Ripipterygidae
      • Tridactylidae – pygmy mole crickets
• Suborder Ensifera
  • Superfamily Grylloidea
    • Gryllidae – true crickets
    • Gryllotalpidae – mole crickets
    • Mogoplistidae
    • Myrmecophilidae – ant crickets
  • Superfamily Hagloidea
    • Haglidae†
    • Hagloedischiidae†
    • Prophalangopsidae – grigs
    • Tuphellidae†
  • Superfamily Phasmomimoidea†
    • Phasmomimidae†
  • Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea
    • Rhaphidophoridae – camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wetas
  • Superfamily Schizodactyloidea
    • Schizodactylidae – dune crickets
  • Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea
    • Anostostomatidae – wetas, king crickets
    • Cooloolidae
    • Gryllacrididae – leaf-rolling crickets
    • Stenopelmatidae – Jerusalem crickets
  • Superfamily Tettigonioidea
    • Haglotettigoniidae†
    • Tettigoniidae – katydids / bush crickets

See also

• List of Orthoptera recorded in Britain
• Orthopterida
• Female sperm storage

References

External links

• Orthoptera Species File Online
• Orthoptera Image Gallery (Iowa State University Entomology Department)
• Australian Plague Locust Commission
• The Orthopterists' Society
• AcridAfrica, les acridiens d'Afrique de l'Ouest
• [1]
•  "Orthoptera". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
• [2]
• Sound recordings of Orthoptera at BioAcoustica

English Journal

• Exploring the hidden landscape of female preferences for complex signals.

• Reichert MS1,2, Finck J1,3, Ronacher B1.
• Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.Evolution.2017 Apr;71(4):1009-1024. doi: 10.1111/evo.13202. Epub 2017 Mar 1.
• PMID 28186332

• The thoracic morphology of the wingless dune cricket Comicus calcaris (Orthoptera: Schizodactylidae): novel apomorphic characters for the group and adaptations to sand desert environments.

• Leubner F1, Bradler S2, Wipfler B3.
• Arthropod structure & development.Arthropod Struct Dev.2017 Mar 29. pii: S1467-8039(16)30192-X. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.03.006. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 28365228

• Trends in new species discovery of Orthoptera (Insecta) from Southeast Asia.

• Tan MK1, Choi J, Shankar N.
• Zootaxa.Zootaxa.2017 Mar 2;4238(1):zootaxa.4238.1.10. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.10.
• PMID 28264273

Japanese Journal

• 福井県越前市西部地域の春期と夏期におけるコウノトリの餌動物密度の評価

• 野生復帰 = Reintroduction 3(1), 39-50, 2014-07
• NAID 40020231483

• 都市域内の河川緑地における直翅目の生息実態

• 日本緑化工学会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 37(1), 195-198, 2011-08-31
• NAID 10029337952

• 水田環境におけるバッタ目昆虫の分布と個体数を決定する環境要因:佐渡島におけるトキの採餌環境の管理にむけて

• 応用生態工学 = Ecology and civil engineering 12(2), 99-107, 2009-12-30
• NAID 10027969112

Related Links

• Homepage: Orthopera Species File

David C. Eades, Principal Database Developer, Illinois Natural History Survey Daniel Otte, Founder and Principal Author, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia María Marta Cigliano, Author, División Entomología, Museo de ...

• Orthoptera Recording Scheme - Home

Orthopteroids of the British Isles Recording Scheme Grasshoppers & Crickets with Earwigs, Cockroaches, Stick Insects and Mantids The fauna of Orthoptera and allied insects is charismatic, diverse and abundant.

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リンク元	「直翅類」「Orthoptera」

「直翅類」

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orthopteran、Orthoptera

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直翅目、バッタ類、バッタ目

「Orthoptera」

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orthopteran