WordNet

grasshoppers and locusts; crickets (同)order Orthoptera

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/09 13:09:56」(JST)

wiki en

Orthoptera is an order of insects with paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, including the grasshoppers, crickets, cave crickets, Jerusalem crickets, katydids, weta, lubber, Acrida, and locusts. Many insects in this order produce sound (known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts.^[1] These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals.

Grasshoppers are able to fold their wings, placing them in the group Neoptera.

Etymology

The name is derived from the Greek ortho meaning straight and ptera meaning winged.

Characteristics

Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with hind legs elongated for jumping. They have mandibulate mouthparts and large compound eyes, and may or may not have ocelli, depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints, and are of variable length.^[1]

The first and third segments of the thorax are enlarged, while the second segment is much shorter. They have two pairs of wings, which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina, are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hind wing is membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci.^[1]

Life cycle

Orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis. The use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs.^[2] Most grasshoppers lay their eggs in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults but lack wings and at this stage are often called hoppers. They may often also have a radically different coloration from the adults. Through successive moults the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings.^[1]

The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.

Orthoptera as food

Orthoptera include the only insects considered kosher in Judaism. The list of dietary laws in the book of Leviticus forbids all flying insects that walk, but makes an exception for certain locusts. Strangely, the dragonfly and cranefly are not kosher, but they are helpless when unable to fly.^[3] The Torah states the only kosher flying insects with four walking legs have knees that extend above their feet so that they hop.^[4] Thus non-jumping orthoptera such as mole crickets are certainly not kosher.

Phylogenetics

The branching order of these animals is fairly well understood.^[5] The suborders Caelifera and Ensifera appear to be monophyletic and Rhaphidophoridae is a sister group of Tettigoniidae. Pyrgomorphidae are the most basal group of Caelifera. Myrmecophilidae appear to form a clade with Gryllotalpidae instead of with Gryllidae. Additional work may be needed to confirm this.

Among the four subfamilies of Tettigoniidae the relationships are (Phaneropterinae + (Conocephalinae + (Bradyporinae + Tettigoniinae))); among six acridid subfamilies the relationships are (Oedipodinae + (Acridinae + (Gomphocerinae + (Oxyinae + (Calliptaminae + Cyrtacanthacridinae))))).

Classification

There are 2 suborders and 235 subfamilies in this order.

Suborder Ensifera
- Superfamily Grylloidea
  - Gryllidae – true crickets
  - Gryllotalpidae – mole crickets
  - Mogoplistidae
  - Myrmecophilidae – ant crickets
- Superfamily Hagloidea
  - Haglidae†
  - Hagloedischiidae†
  - Prophalangopsidae – grigs
  - Tuphellidae†
- Superfamily Phasmomimoidea†
  - Phasmomimidae†
- Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea
  - Rhaphidophoridae – camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wetas
- Superfamily Schizodactyloidea
  - Schizodactylidae – dune crickets
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea
  - Anostostomatidae – wetas, king crickets
  - Cooloolidae
  - Gryllacrididae – leaf-rolling crickets
  - Stenopelmatidae – Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily Tettigonioidea
  - Haglotettigoniidae†
  - Tettigoniidae – katydids / bush crickets
Suborder Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts

Teratodus monticollis Hooded Grasshopper
- Infraorder Acrididea
  - Superfamily Acridoidea
    - Acrididae – grasshoppers, locusts
    - Charilaidae
    - Dericorythidae
    - Lathiceridae
    - Lentulidae
    - Lithidiidae
    - Ommexechidae
    - Pamphagidae – toad grasshoppers
    - Pyrgacrididae
    - Romaleidae – lubber grasshoppers
    - Tristiridae
  - Superfamily Eumastacoidea
    - Chorotypidae
    - Episactidae
    - Eumastacidae – monkey grasshopper or matchstick grasshoppers
    - Euschmidtiidae
    - Mastacideidae
    - Morabidae
    - Promastacidae†
    - Proscopiidae – stick grasshoppers or jumping sticks
    - Thericleidae
      
      Proscopiid from the Andes of Peru
  - Superfamily Locustopsoidea†
    - Araripelocustidae†
    - Bouretidae†
    - Eolocustopsidae†
    - Locustavidae†
    - Locustopsidae†
  - Superfamily Pneumoroidea
    - Pneumoridae – bladder grasshoppers
  - Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea
    - Pyrgomorphidae – gaudy grasshoppers
  - Superfamily Tanaoceroidea
    - Tanaoceridae
  - Superfamily Tetrigoidea
    - Tetrigidae – grouse locusts
  - Superfamily Trigonopterygoidea
    - Trigonopterygidae
    - Xyronotidae
- Infraorder Tridactylidea
  - Superfamily Dzhajloutshelloidea†
    - Dzhajloutshellidae†
  - Superfamily Regiatoidea†
    - Regiatidae†
  - Superfamily Tridactyloidea
    - Cylindrachetidae – sandgropers
    - Ripipterygidae
    - Tridactylidae – pygmy mole crickets

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. pp. 392–394. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.
^ Imes, Rick (1992), The practical entomologist, Simon and Schuster, pp. 74–75, ISBN 0-671-74695-2
^ Gordon, David George (1998), The eat-a-bug cookbook, Ten Speed Press, p. 3, ISBN 0-89815-977-6
^ Navigating the Bible: Leviticus
^ Zhou Z, Ye H, Huang Y, Shi F. (2010) The phylogeny of Orthoptera inferred from mtDNA and description of Elimaea cheni (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) mitogenome. J. Genet. Genomics. 37(5):315-324

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orthoptera.

Wikispecies has information related to: Orthoptera

Orthoptera Species File Online
Orthoptera Image Gallery (Iowa State University Entomology Department)
Australian Plague Locust Commission
The Orthopterists' Society
AcridAfrica, les acridiens d'Afrique de l'Ouest
[1]
"Orthoptera". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[2]

English Journal

Mitochondrial genomes of four katydids (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae): New gene rearrangements and their phylogenetic implications.

Yang J1, Ye F1, Huang Y1.
Gene.Gene.2016 Jan 10;575(2 Pt 3):702-11. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.052. Epub 2015 Sep 26.
Phaneropteridae is a family of Orthoptera that displays an amazing amount of diversity in terms of both forms and species. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two bush katydids: Ruidocollaris obscura and Kuwayamaea brachyptera (Phaneropterinae), and two true katydids: Orophyllus
PMID 26410415

Fluorescence microscopy study on the cytoskeletal displacements during sperm differentiation in the bush-cricket Tylopsis liliifolia (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae).

Viscuso R1, Federico C1, Saccone S1, Bonaccorsi B1, Vitale DG1.
Microscopy research and technique.Microsc Res Tech.2015 Dec 8. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22608. [Epub ahead of print]
A study by fluorescence microscopy has been carried out on male gametes from testicular follicles, seminal vesicles, spermatophores, and seminal receptacles of the bush-cricket Tylopsis liliifolia, focusing the attention on localization and movements of F-actin and α-tubulin during sperm differenti
PMID 26643972

Equal temperature-size responses of the sexes are widespread within arthropod species.

Hirst AG1, Horne CR2, Atkinson D3.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2015 Dec 7;282(1820). pii: 20152475. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2475.
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often affected by environmental conditions, but the effect of temperature on SSD in ectotherms still requires rigorous investigation. We compared the plastic responses of size-at-maturity to temperature between males and females within 85 diverse arthropod species, in
PMID 26645202

Japanese Journal

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Pygmy Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) and a Comparative Analysis of Caelifera Mitogenomes

Zoological science 34(4), 287-294, 2017-08
NAID 40021289619

キリギリス(Gampsocleis buergeri de Hann & G. micado Burr)(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)の卵休眠

山口県立大学学術情報 10, 67-75, 2017-02-28
NAID 120006000155

ルリカケスの早春繁殖における餌資源の考察‐ヒナの糞分析および生息環境の動物多様性からの知見‐

Bird Research 13(0), A1-A13, 2017
NAID 130005440053

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「直翅類」「直翅目」「バッタ目」「バッタ類」「orthopteran」

「直翅類」

Orthoptera; Temporal range: Carboniferous–Recent 359–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Roesel's bush-cricket
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Superorder:	Orthopterida
(unranked):	Panorthoptera
Order:	Orthoptera; Latreille, 1793
Extant suborders and superfamilies
	Suborder Ensifera Grylloidea; Hagloidea; Rhaphidophoroidea; Schizodactyloidea; Stenopelmatoidea; Tettigonioidea; Suborder Caelifera Acridoidea; Eumastacoidea; Pneumoroidea; Pyrgomorphoidea; Tanaoceroidea; Tetrigoidea; Tridactyloidea; Trigonopterygoidea;