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surgical removal of one or both testicles (同)orchiectomy

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/03 00:08:58」(JST)

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Diagram of the incisions in an orchiectomy

Orchiectomy (also named orchidectomy, and sometimes shortened as orchi) is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed. The removal of both testicles (bilateral orchiectomy) is the surgical form of castration.

There are three main types of orchiectomy: simple, subcapsular, and inguinal. The first two types are usually done under local or epidural anesthesia, and take about 30 minutes to perform. An inguinal orchiectomy is sometimes done under general anesthesia, and takes between 30 minutes and an hour to complete.

Simple orchiectomy

A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) for transgender women, or as palliative treatment for advanced cases of prostate cancer. The patient lies flat on an operating table with the penis taped against the abdomen. The nurse will shave a small area for the incision. After anesthetic has been administered, the surgeon makes an incision in the midpoint of the scrotum and cuts through the underlying tissue. The surgeon removes the testicles and parts of the spermatic cord through the incision. The incision is closed with two layers of sutures and covered with a surgical dressing. If the patient desires, a prosthetic testicle can be inserted before the incision is closed to present an outward appearance of a pre-surgical scrotum.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Subcapsular orchiectomy

A subcapsular orchiectomy is also commonly performed for treatment of prostate cancer. The operation is similar to that of a simple orchiectomy, with the exception that the glandular tissue that surrounds each testicle is removed rather than the entire gland itself. This type of orchiectomy is done primarily to keep the appearance of an ordinary scrotum.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Inguinal orchiectomy

(See:inguinal orchiectomy)

Inguinal orchiectomy (named from the Latin inguin for "groin," and also called radical orchiectomy), is performed when an onset of testicular cancer is suspected, in order to prevent a possible spread of cancer from the spermatic cord into the lymph nodes near the kidneys.^[1]^[2]^[3]

An inguinal orchiectomy can be either unilateral or bilateral. The surgeon makes an incision in the patient's groin area (in contrast to an incision in the scrotum, as is done in both simple and subcapsular orchiectomies). The entire spermatic cord is removed, as well as the testicle(s). A long, non-absorbable suture may be left in the stump of the spermatic cord in case later surgery is deemed necessary.^[1]^[2]^[3]

After the cord and testicle have been removed, the surgeon washes the area with saline solution and closes the various layers of tissues and skin with various types of sutures. The wound is then covered with sterile gauze and bandaged.^[1]^[2]^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Frey, Ph.D, Rebecca (2004). "Orchiectomy". Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery. Heathline.com: The Gale Group, Inc. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Orchiectomy". Health Information Library. Providence Health & Services. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Surgical Procedures: Orchiectomy — radical/simple". UrologyMatch.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

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4. 初回治療後の精巣胚細胞腫瘍に対する外科的アプローチ approach to surgery following primary treatment for advanced testicular germ cell tumors
5. 新生児精巣捻転 neonatal testicular torsion

English Journal

Evaluation of testicular tumour calcification with digital orchiography.

Aksoy Ozcan U, Sağlıcan Y, Yıldız ME, Yıldırım Y, Ozveri H, Ocak F, Karaarslan E.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Kozyatagi Hospital, Inonu cd. Okur sk., Istanbul, Turkey, 34000, umitozcan@gmail.com.
European radiology.Eur Radiol.2013 Nov;23(11):3178-3184. Epub 2013 Jun 8.
OBJECTIVES: To analyse the calcification of testicular tumours in the orchiectomy specimens detected by digital orchiography obtained in a full-field digital mammography (FFDM) unit.METHODS: Orchiectomy specimens of 37 consecutive patients were imaged by FFDM. Detected foci of calcification were str
PMID 23749225

The effects of Testosterone deprivation and supplementation on proteasomal and autophagy activity in the skeletal muscle of the male mouse: differential effects on high androgen-responder and low-androgen responder muscle groups.

Serra C, Sandor NL, Jang H, Lee D, Toraldo G, Guarneri T, Wong S, Zhang A, Guo W, Jasuja R, Bhasin S.Source1 Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
Endocrinology.Endocrinology.2013 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
Men with prostate cancer who receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) show profound skeletal muscle loss. We hypothesized that the androgen deficiency activates not only the ubiquitin proteasome systems, but also the autophagy, and affects key aspects of the molecular crosstalk between protein syn
PMID 24105483

Second malignancies in long-term testicular cancer survivors.

Ondrus D, Ondrusova M, Friedova L.Source1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Comenius University, Heydukova 10, 812 50, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, dalibor.ondrus@ousa.sk.
International urology and nephrology.Int Urol Nephrol.2013 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: The objective of the present study is to analyze long-term testicular cancer (TC) survivors focusing on the correlation of therapeutic modalities used, the age of patients and second malignancy (SM) occurrence.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,367 patients with TC and different subsequent
PMID 24096370

Japanese Journal

精巣腫瘍との鑑別が困難であった炎症性偽腫瘍の1例

山崎安人,渡辺淳一,西村直樹 [他]
西日本泌尿器科 = The Nishinihon journal of urology 75(11), 563-567, 2013-11
NAID 40019875651

症例精巣部分切除と局所放射線照射を施行した異時性両側精巣腫瘍

田部井正,吉田実,大内秀紀 [他]
臨床泌尿器科 67(12), 979-982, 2013-11
NAID 40019862521

卵巣上皮型精巣腫瘍の1例

西本光寿,清水信貴,菊池尭,小林泰之,山本豊,南高文,林泰司,辻秀憲,野沢昌弘,吉村一宏,石井徳味,植村天受
泌尿器科紀要 59(11), 753-757, 2013-11
… Under the diagnosis of a testicular tumor, this patient underwent a high orchiectomy, and the pathology revealed testicular tumor of ovarian epithelial type. …
NAID 120005350247