出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/15 17:52:28」(JST)
An opera house is a theatre building used for opera performances that consists of a stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities for costumes and set building. While some venues are constructed specifically for operas, other opera houses are part of larger performing arts centers.
The first public opera house came into existence in 1637 as the Teatro San Cassiano in Venice, Italy, in a country where opera has been popular through the centuries among ordinary people as well as wealthy patrons; it still has a large number of working opera houses.[1] In contrast, there was no opera house in London when Henry Purcell was composing and the first opera house in Germany was built in Hamburg in 1678. Early United States opera houses served a variety of functions in towns and cities, hosting community dances, fairs, plays, and vaudeville shows as well as operas and other musical events.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, opera houses were often financed by rulers, nobles, and wealthy people who used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions and social positions or prestige. With the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the 19th century, European culture moved away from its patronage system to a publicly supported system. In the 2000s, most opera and theatre companies raise funds from a combination of government and institutional grants, ticket sales, and private donations.
The Teatro San Carlo in Naples introduces the plant horseshoe, the oldest in the world, a model for the Italian theater. On this model were built following theaters of Italy and Europe, among others, the court theater of the Palace of Caserta, who will become the model for other theaters. Given the popularity of opera in 18th and 19th century Europe, opera houses are usually large, with generally more than 1,000 seats and often several thousand. Traditionally, Europe's major opera houses built in the 19th century contained between about 1,500 to 3,000 seats, examples being Brussels' La Monnaie (after renovations, with 1,700 seats), Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater (with 1,636), Warsaw's Grand Theatre (the main auditorium with 1,841), Paris' Opéra Garnier (with 2,200), the Royal Opera House in London (with 2,268) and the Vienna State Opera (the new auditorium with reduced capacity of 2,280). Modern opera houses of the twentieth century such as New York's Metropolitan Opera (with 3,800) and the San Francisco Opera (with 3,146) are larger. Many operas are better suited to being presented in smaller theatres, such as Venice's La Fenice with about 1,000 seats.
In a traditional opera house, the auditorium is U-shaped, with the length of the sides determining the audience capacity. Around this are tiers of balconies, and often, nearer to the stage, are boxes (small partitioned sections of a balcony).
Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, opera houses generally have an orchestra pit, where a large number of orchestra players may be seated at a level below the audience, so that they can play without overwhelming the singing voices. This is especially true of Wagner's Bayreuth Festspielhaus where the pit is almost completely covered.
The size of an opera orchestra varies, but for some operas, oratorios and other works, it may be very large; for some romantic period works (or for many of the operas of Richard Strauss), it can be well over 100 players. Similarly, an opera may have a large cast of characters, chorus, dancers and supernumeraries. Therefore, a major opera house will have extensive dressing room facilities. Opera houses often have on-premises set and costume building shops and facilities for storage of costumes, make-up, masks, and stage properties, and may also have rehearsal spaces.
Major opera houses throughout the world often have highly mechanized stages, with large stage elevators permitting heavy sets to be changed rapidly. At the Metropolitan Opera, for instance, sets are often changed during the action, as the audience watches, with singers rising or descending as they sing. This occurs in the Met's productions of operas such as Aida and Tales of Hoffman. London's Royal Opera House, which was remodeled in the late 1990s, retained the original 1858 auditorium at its core, but added completely new backstage and wing spaces in addition to an additional performance space and public areas. Much the same happened in the remodeling of Milan's La Scala opera house between 2002 and 2004.
Although stage, lighting and other production aspects of opera houses often make use of the latest technology, traditional opera houses have not used sound reinforcement systems with microphones and loudspeakers to amplify the singers, since trained opera singers are normally able to project their unamplified voices in the hall. Since the 1990s, however, many opera houses have begun using a subtle form of sound reinforcement called acoustic enhancement (see below).
Often, operas are presented in their original languages, which may be different from the first language of the audience. For example, a Wagnerian opera presented in London may be in German. Therefore, since the 1980s modern opera houses have assisted the audience by providing translated supertitles, projections of the words above or near to the stage. More recently, electronic libretto systems have begun to be used in some opera houses, including New York's Metropolitan Opera, Milan's La Scala, and the Crosby Theatre of The Santa Fe Opera, which provide two lines of text on individual screens attached to the backs of the seats so as to not interfere with the visual aspects of the performance.
A subtle type of sound reinforcement called acoustic enhancement is used in some opera houses. Acoustic enhancement systems help give a more even sound in the hall and prevent "dead spots" in the audience seating area by "...augment[ing] a hall's intrinsic acoustic characteristics." The systems use "...an array of microphones connected to a computer [which is] connected to an array of loudspeakers." However, as concertgoers have become aware of the use of these systems, debates have arisen, because "...purists maintain that the natural acoustic sound of [Classical] voices [or] instruments in a given hall should not be altered."[2]
Kai Harada [3]states that opera houses have begun using electronic acoustic enhancement systems "...to compensate for flaws in a venue's acoustical architecture." Despite the uproar that has arisen amongst operagoers, Harada points out that none of the opera houses using acoustic enhancement systems "...use traditional, Broadway-style sound reinforcement, in which most if not all singers are equipped with radio microphones mixed to a series of unsightly loudspeakers scattered throughout the theatre." Instead, most opera houses use the sound reinforcement system for acoustic enhancement, and for subtle boosting of offstage voices, onstage dialogue, and sound effects (e.g., church bells in Tosca or thunder in Wagnerian operas).
One example of the use of this kind of enhancement is the New York State Theater when it was used by the New York City Opera company.
Gallery:
Bayerisches Nationaltheater from 1818 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany; one of the world's most renowned opera houses, burnt down / reconstructed twice: 1823-25 and after WW II from 1958-63.
Bolshoi Theatre, in Moscow, Russia, is one of the world's most recognisable opera houses and home for the most famous ballet company in the world
New York State Theater, Lincoln Center, home of the New York City Opera
The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, in Novosibirsk, is the biggest opera house in Russia
The Cairo Opera House in Egypt
The Copenhagen Opera House in Denmark
The Sydney Opera House is one of the world's most recognizable opera houses and landmarks
Auditorio de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
The Palais Garnier, Paris, France
The Odessa Opera and Ballet Theatre, Odessa, Ukraine
War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, USA
The Dresden Semperoper in Germany
The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center in New York City
Oslo Opera House
The Berlin Staatsoper on Unter den Linden
Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City
The Alexandria Opera House in Alexandria, Egypt
Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in Valencia, Spain
Colón Theatre in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hannover State Opera in Hannover, Germany
Teatro Massimo in Palermo, Italy
The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy, the most famous opera house in the world
The Teatro Costanzi in Rome, Italy
Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste, Italy
Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre in Ljubljana, Slovenia
Solís Theatre in Montevideo, Uruguay
Theatro Municipal in São Paulo, Brazil
Amazon Theatre in Manaus, Brazil
Theatro da Paz, Belém, Brazil
Ópera de Arame, Curitiba, Brazil
National Centre for the Performing Arts (China) in Beijing, China
Notes
Sources
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opera houses. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| 関連記事 | 「house」 |