油

WordNet

cover with oil, as if by rubbing; "oil the wooden surface"
a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist (同)oil_color, oil colour
an arrangement of coils used in sensitive electrical instruments; the coils are arranged to give zero resultant external magnetic field when a current passes through them and to have zero electromotive force induced in them by an external magnetic field
a fine powder for spreading on the body (as after bathing) (同)bath powder, dusting_powder
a step-up transformer with an air core; used to produce high voltages at high frequencies
two saucepans, one fitting inside the other (同)double saucepan
treated with oil; "oiled country roads"; "an oiled walnut table"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『油』;油状物 / =petroleum / 《複数形で》=oil paint / =oil painting / …‘に'油を塗る,油を引く,油を差す
(得に紋章で)四つ葉
油を差した(しみ込ませた) / 《俗》酒に酔った(drunk)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/26 16:52:05」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

天然オリーブオイル

油（あぶら、ゆ）とは動物や植物、鉱物などからとれる水と相分離する疎水性の物質。一般に可燃性であり、比重が軽く、水に浮く。常温で液体のものを油、固体のものを脂と使い分けることがある^[1]。高級一価アルコールと高級脂肪酸とのエステルを蝋という。

概説

用途としては食用、燃料用、産業用などに大別される。

常温で液体である植物油や魚の油などには不飽和脂肪酸が多く含まれ、常温で固体である肉の脂などには飽和脂肪酸が多く含まれている。両者をまとめて油脂と呼ぶ。普通の油脂は脂肪酸とグリセリンの化合物であり、一般にトリグリセリド（トリ-O-アシルグリセリン）の形態を取る（例外 : エコナ等）。

不飽和脂肪酸とは炭素鎖に二重結合もしくは三重結合を持つもののことで、α-リノレン酸、ドコサヘキサエン酸 (DHA)、エイコサペンタエン酸 (EPA) に代表されるオメガ3（n-3系）。リノール酸、γ-リノレン酸、アラキドン酸に代表されるオメガ6（n-6系）。オレイン酸に代表されるオメガ9（n-9系）がある。

飽和脂肪酸とは炭素鎖に二重結合もしくは三重結合を持たないもののことで、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸等がある。

普通、二重結合が多いほど融点は低いが、酸化によって固まりやすく、そのようなものを乾性油とよぶ。この性質は油絵具・塗料などに利用される。

植物から純粋に精製される精油（エッセンシャル・オイル）は、比重が軽く水に浮くことから油と称されるが脂肪酸を含まず揮発性であり油脂とは区別される。アロマセラピーに用いられる他、食品の着香料とされるものもある。

同様に、石油など鉱物由来の揮発性物質（軽油、灯油など）も油脂とは区別される。揮発油は一般にはガソリンのこととされる。

代表的な油

植物性のもの

植物油の一覧に詳しい

ひまし油（キャスターオイル）
桐油
ナンヨウアブラギリ油（ヤトロファ油）
烏臼油
亜麻仁油（フラックスシードオイル、リンシードオイル）
ショートニング
サラダ油
白絞油
コーン油
大豆油
ごま油（セサミオイル）
菜種油（キャノーラ油）
サフラワー油（ベニバナ油）
ひまわり油
こめ油
糠油
椿油
パーム油
パーム核油
ヤシ油（コプラ油）
綿実油
麻実油（ヘンプオイル）
葡萄油
けし油（ポピーシードオイル）
カラシ油
小麦胚芽油
月見草油
紫蘇油
荏油
榧油
杏仁油（アプリコット核油）
アケビ油（アケビ種子油）
山茶花油（茶梅油）
茶油
胡桃油
白樺油
大風子油
巴豆油
肉荳蔲油
オリーブオイル
ピーナッツオイル
アーモンドオイル
アボカドオイル
ヘーゼルナッツオイル
グレープシードオイル
ローレルオイル（月桂樹実油）
マカダミアナッツオイル
アルガンオイル
パンプキンシードオイル
ペカンナッツオイル
ピスタチオオイル
ホホバオイル
カカオバター
ボリジオイル（ルリジサ種子油）
シアバター
ババスオイル
バオバブオイル
メロンシードオイル
マンゴバター
サルバター
コクムバター
メドウフォーム油
コーヒー豆油
マルーラナッツオイル
ブロッコリーシードオイル
モモ核油
チェリー核油
クランベリーシードオイル
ざくろの種油
ククイナッツオイル
ニーム油（マルゴーサ油）
キウイフルーツシードオイル
ローズヒップオイル
シーバクソン（ウミクロウメモドキ種子油）
モンゴンゴオイル
油瀝青油
チンク油
密陀油
木蝋
キャンデリラワックス
カルナウバワックス
精油（エッセンシャル・オイル）

動物性のもの

ラード
ヘット（牛脂）
骨脂
骨油
魚油
鶏油
鴨油
鵞鳥油
蛹油
蟹油
馬油
ラノリン（ウールグリース）
シュマルツ
バター
エミューオイル
蘇油（酥油）
ギー
ガマの油（主原料は馬油）
鯨油（詳しくは「捕鯨問題」「蝋」「クジラ」参照のこと）
イルカ油
ミンクオイル（皮革製品のメンテナンスなどに利用）
スクワラン
卵黄油
肝油
鮫油
牛脚油
蜜蝋

鉱物性のもの

石油（ナフサ、ガソリン、軽油、灯油、重油）
鉱物油（ミネラルオイル）
パラフィン
ベビーオイル
流動パラフィン
セレシン
鉱物ワックス
石油ワックス
シリコンオイル
琥珀油
オイルシェール（頁岩油）
クレオソート油
ビチューメン

目的別の油の種類

料理用（食用）

天ぷら油
サラダ油
白絞油
ラー油
葱油

燃料用

石油
天ぷら油など食用油の廃油（バイオディーゼル）

美容用（整髪等）

髪油
- 梳油
- 鬢付け油
  - 伽羅の油
  - 黒油
- 銀出し油
- ポマード
- 椿油
- 茶油
サンオイル（サンタンオイル）
クレンジングオイル
コールドクリーム
ベビーオイル

工業用

潤滑・冷却・腐食防止（防錆）など
- 汎用油（マシン油）
- 潤滑油
- スピンドル油
- ダイナモ油
- シリンダー油
- タービン油
- 油圧作動油（ブレーキフルードなど）
- 軸受け油
- ギヤー油
- 摺動面潤滑油
- 冷凍機油
- コンプレッサー油
- 熱媒体油
- 熱処理油
- グリース
- エンジンオイル
- 切削油
- 絶縁油
- シリコーン油
溶媒・洗浄剤
- テレビン油
  - 松根油
- シンナーなど
製品の原料
- 食用油の一部は、石鹸やマーガリンなどの原料として使われる。

脚注

[ヘルプ]

^ 「飲食事典」本山荻舟平凡社 p11 昭和33年12月25日発行

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、油に関連するカテゴリがあります。

社団法人日本植物油協会
財団法人日本水産油脂協会
社団法人日本畜産副産物協会
日本油化学会
全国油脂販売業者連合会
（財）日本油脂検査協会
財団法人日本食品油脂検査協会
東京油問屋市場
日本マーガリン工業会
油屋.com
オイル豆知識
独立行政法人石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構
財団法人国際石油交流センター
財団法人石油開発情報センター
石油情報センター
石油産業活性化センター
社団法人石油学会
社団法人全国石油協会
石油化学工業協会
石油技術協会
石油連盟
石油鉱業連盟
全国石油工業協同組合
全国工作油剤工業組合
潤滑油協会
全国オイルリサイクル協同組合
バイオディーゼル燃料協会

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A bottle of olive oil used in food

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

An oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and slippery.

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile.^[1] They are used for food, fuel, lubrication, and the manufacture of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies as purifying agents.

Etymology

First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum,^[2] which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον (elaion), "olive oil, oil"^[3] and that from ἐλαία (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit".^[4]^[5] The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺, e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.^[6]

Types

Organic oils

Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids.

Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.^[7]

Mineral oils

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.^[8] The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.

Applications

Cooking

Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. Stir Fry).

Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter, lard and other types, or plant oils from the olive, maize, sunflower and many other species.

Cosmetics

Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See hair conditioner.

Religion

Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity.

Painting

Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.^[9]

Heat transfer

Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (see oil cooling), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer.

Lubrication

Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in 1980.^[10]

It is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the Hubble Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.^[11]

Fuel

Synthetic motor oil

Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. To obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A 42-gallon barrel (U.S.) of crude oil produces approximately 10 gallons of diesel, 4 gallons of jet fuel, 19 gallons of gasoline, 7 gallons of other products, 3 gallons split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,^[12] and 2 gallons of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 gallons.^[12] Not all oils used as fuels are mineral oils, see biodiesel and vegetable oil fuel.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.^[13]

Chemical feedstock

Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry.

References

^ "oil". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ oleum. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
^ ἔλαιον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ ἐλαία in Liddell and Scott.
^ Harper, Douglas. "oil". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ "The Linear B word e-ra-wo". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages. "e-ra3-wo". Raymoure, K.A. "e-ra-wo". Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean.
^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.
^ Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry 37: 1. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001.
^ "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan"^{[dead link]}, Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008.
^ "Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company". Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus.
^ "Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?". Knight Science Journalism at MIT.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) — Retrieved 2011-10-02.
^ "Whale Oil". petroleumhistory.org.

External links

Media related to Oil at Wikimedia Commons
Petroleum Online e-Learning resource from IHRDC

UpToDate Contents

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Determination of volatile compounds by GC-IMS to assign the quality of virgin olive oil.

Garrido-Delgado R1, Dobao-Prieto Mdel M1, Arce L1, Valcárcel M2.
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PMID 25977065

Evaluation of canola oil oleogels with candelilla wax as an alternative to shortening in baked goods.

Jang A1, Bae W1, Hwang HS2, Lee HG3, Lee S4.
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The oleogels of canola oil with candelilla wax were prepared and utilized as a shortening replacer to produce cookies with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The incorporation of candelilla wax (3% and 6% by weight) to canola oil produced the oleogels with solid-like properties. The firmness o
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Nanoemulsion delivery systems for oil-soluble vitamins: Influence of carrier oil type on lipid digestion and vitamin D3 bioaccessibility.

Ozturk B1, Argin S2, Ozilgen M2, McClements DJ3.
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The influence of carrier oil type on the bioaccessibility of vitamin D3 encapsulated within oil-in-water nanoemulsions prepared using a natural surfactant (quillaja saponin) was studied using a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model: mouth; stomach; small intestine. The rate of free fatty acid
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Effect-directed analysis of cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils by planar chromatography linked with (bio)assays and mass spectrometry.

Teh SS1, Morlock GE2.
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Cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils are healthy oils for human consumption as these are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phytochemicals. However, bioactive information on the food intake side is mainly focused on target analysis. For more comprehensive information with rega
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