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of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of an atom; "nuclear physics"; "nuclear fission"; "nuclear forces"
(weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy; "nuclear war"; "nuclear weapons"; "atomic bombs" (同)atomic
constituting or like a nucleus; "annexation of the suburban fringe by the nuclear metropolis"; "the nuclear core of the congregation"
of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of a cell; "nuclear membrane"; "nuclear division"
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

『核の』,細胞核の / [『原子』]『核の』
ビールス,ろ過性病原体

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/24 08:33:51」(JST)

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An image of a dead caterpillar, obviously infected by NPV

Another victim of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) which belongs to the sub group Baculoviruses is a virus affecting insects, predominantly moths and butterflies. It has been used as a pesticide for crops infested by insects susceptible to contraction. Though commercialization of the viral pesticide is slow as the virus is very species specific, making it effective under certain circumstances.

The virus strain itself is protected in a polygonal structured capsid. This enables the virus to infect cells more easily, and aids in reproduction of the virus. When the capsid is broken down within a host, virus strains are released and begin reproduction. Once there is a significant build up of virus, symptoms become noticeable.

Heliothis sp. is a cosmopolitan insect pest attacking at least 30 food and fibre yielding crop plants. They have been controlled by the application of NPV's Baculovirus heliothis. In 1975, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.A. registered the B.heliothis preparations.

Symptoms[edit]

Symptoms are:^{[citation needed]}

Discoloration (brown and yellow)
Stress (regurgitation)
Decomposition (liquification)
Lethargy (slow-moving to no movement at all. Refusal to eat)

The virus enters the nucleus of infected cells, and reproduces until the cell is assimilated by the virus and produces crystals in the fluids of the host. These crystals will transfer the virus from one host to another.

The host will become visibly swollen with fluid containing the virus and will eventually die—turning black with decay.

Transmissibility[edit]

The virus is unable to affect humans in the way it affects insects as our cells are acid-based, when it requires an alkaline-based cell in order to replicate. It is possible for the virus crystals to enter human cells, but not replicate to the point of illness.

It is transferred from insect to insect through crystals in all of their bodily emissions. As the virus is in the crystal-like capsid, it must be broken down by the alkaline digestive system of the insects to be released.

Mortality in infected insects is nearly 100%

Bleach and ultra-violet light have been found to prove effective in killing the virus.

Applications[edit]

Lymantria dispar,commonly known as gypsy moth, is a serious pest of forest trees. It has been successfully controlled by gypsy moth Baculovirus i.e. NPV preparations. There are another pest of forest trees, the species of sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer, N. lecontei, N. pratti pratti, etc.), which have been successfully controlled by their NPV's.NPV's have also been commercially produced against Brassica pest (Trichoplusia) and cotton pest (Spodoptera litura) under the name biotrol-VTN and biotrol-VSE respectively.

References[edit]

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/.../virusstructure.html [1]

http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/2153/np.html [2]

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/viruses.html [3]

http://www.answers.com/topic/nuclear-polyhedrosis-virus?cat=technology [4]

A Text Book Of Biotechnology by R.C.Dubey ISBN 81-219-2608-4

"The Cobra Event"—Richard Preston

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

bmnpv-miR-3 facilitates BmNPV infection by modulating the expression of viral P6.9 and other late genes in Bombyx mori.

Singh CP1, Singh J2, Nagaraju J3.
Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2014 Jun;49:59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Apr 1.
During the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as fine tuners of gene expression in various biological processes including host-pathogen interactions. Apart from the role of host encoded miRNAs in host-virus interactions, recent studies have also indicated the key role of virus-encoded miRN
PMID 24698834

Selection of a nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate from Helicoverpa armigera as the basis for a biological insecticide.

Arrizubieta M1, Williams T, Caballero P, Simón O.
Pest management science.Pest Manag Sci.2014 Jun;70(6):967-76. doi: 10.1002/ps.3637. Epub 2013 Oct 13.
BACKGROUND: The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is an insect that causes damage in a wide range of crops in Spain. Seven isolates of H. armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV) from the Iberian Peninsula were subjected to molecular and biological characterization and compared with a Ch
PMID 23983128

Transgenic protein production in silkworm silk glands requires cathepsin and chitinase of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus.

Wöltje M1, Böbel M, Rheinnecker M, Tettamanti G, Franzetti E, Saviane A, Cappellozza S.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 May;98(10):4571-80. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5543-8. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
The silkworm Bombyx mori represents an established in vivo system for the production of recombinant proteins. Baculoviruses have been extensively investigated and optimised for the expression of high protein levels inside the haemolymph of larvae and pupae of this lepidopteran insect. Current techno
PMID 24477386

Japanese Journal

Biological Activity of Recombinant Bovine Interferon τ Produced by a Silkworm-Baculovirus Gene Expression System

TAKAHASHI Hitomi,TSUNAZAKI Makoto,HAMANO Takashi [他],TAKAHASHI Masashi,OKUDA Kiyoshi,INUMARU Shigeki,OKANO Akira,GESHI Masaya,HIRAKO Makoto
Ｔｈｅ　Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｖｅｔｅｒｉｎａｒｙ　Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ 76(3), 447-451, 2014
… (Bm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (silkworm baculovirus) gene expression system. …
NAID 130003382378

ウイルス感染による宿主自然免疫応答の解析と感染制御への応用

阿部隆之
ウイルス 62(1), 103-112, 2012-06-01
バキュロウイルスは，環状の二本鎖DNAを遺伝子に持っている昆虫を宿主とするウイルスであり，現在，大腸菌発現系と同様に様々な組換え蛋白質の発現系システムとして広く汎用されている．その一方で，近年，複製はしないが，広範囲な哺乳動物細胞にも感染できることが示され，新しい遺伝子導入ベクターとしての有用性が期待されている．これまでに，筆者らは，バキュロウイルスのウイルスベクターワクチンとしての評価を検討した …
NAID 10030768269

Prorenin Processing Enzyme (PPE) Produced by Baculovirus-Infected Sf-9 Insect Cells : PPE Is the Cysteine Protease Encoded in the AcMNPV Gene

Gotoh Takeshi,Awa Hirono,Kikuchi Ken-Ichi [他],NIRASAWA Satoru,TAKAHASHI Saori
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 74(2), 370-374, 2010-02-23
… multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), the expressed inactive recombinant human (rh)-prorenin is reported to be proteolytically processed to yield active rh-renin in the very late phase of culture (Takahashi <I>et al.</I>, <I>Biosci. …
NAID 10027551660