WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
of or relating to the nervous and endocrine systems (especially as they function together)

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/23 19:57:39」(JST)

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Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood. In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood. The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters. Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones. In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together.

The major center of neuroendocrine integration in the body is found in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Here hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release factors to the blood. Some of these factors (releasing hormones), released at the hypothalamic median eminence, control the secretion of pituitary hormones, while others (the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin) are released directly into the blood.

APUD cells are considered part of the neuroendocrine system, and share many staining properties with neuroendocrine cells.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells[edit]

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in the lung. They are located in the nasal respiratory epithelium, laryngeal mucosa and throughout the entire respiratory tract from the trachea to the terminal airways. PNEC and NEB exist from fetal stage and neonatal stage in lungs airway area.

These cells are bottle- or flask-like in shape, and reach from the basement membrane to the lumen. They can be distinguished by their profile of bioactive amines and peptides, namely serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), chromogranin A, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and cholecystokinin.

These cells can be the source of several types of lung cancer.^[1]

Function of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells[edit]

PNEC may play a role as chemoreceptors in hypoxia (medical) detection. This is best supported by the presence of an oxygen-sensitive potassium channel coupled to an oxygen sensory protein in the lumenal membrane in the rabbit. They are considered to be involved in regulating localized epithelial cell growth and regeneration through a paracrine mechanism, whereby their bioactive peptides are released into the environment. In addition, they contain neuroactive substances that are released from their basal cytoplasm. These substances affect autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the lamina propria deep to the cells.

Role of PNEC in fetal lung[edit]

In the fetal lung, they are frequently located at the branching points of airway tubules, and in humans are present by 10 weeks gestation. Peptides and amines released by PNEC are involved in normal fetal lung development including branching morphogenesis. The best-characterized peptides are GRP, the mammalian form of bombesin, and CGRP; these substances exert direct mitogenic effects on epithelial cells and exhibit many growth factor-like properties.

Example[edit]

Specialized groups of neuroendocrine cells can be found at the base of the third ventricle in the brain (in a region called the hypothalamus). This area controls most anterior pituitary cells and thereby regulates functions in the entire body, like responses to stress, cold, sleep, and the reproductive system. The neurons send processes to a region connecting to the pituitary stalk and releasing hormones are delivered into the bloodstream. They are carried by portal vessels to the pituitary cells where they may stimulate, inhibit, or maintain the function of a particular cell type.

External links[edit]

Neuroendocrine at eMedicine Dictionary
Neuroendocrine System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

References[edit]

^ Chong S, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Kwon OJ, Kim TS (2006). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings". Radiographics 26 (1): 41–57; discussion 57–8. doi:10.1148/rg.261055057. PMID 16418242.

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1. 子宮頸部の小細胞神経内分泌癌 small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix
2. 肺の大細胞神経内分泌癌 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung
3. メルケル細胞（神経内分泌）癌の病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis of merkel cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
4. 原発不明の神経内分泌腫瘍 neuroendocrine cancer of unknown primary site
5. 幼児の神経内分泌細胞過形成（NEHI） neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy nehi

English Journal

Sphingomyelin derivatives increase the frequency of microvesicle and granule fusion in chromaffin cells.

García-Martínez V1, Montes MA2, Villanueva J1, Gimenez-Molina Y1, de Toledo GA2, Gutiérrez LM3.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jun 4;295:117-25. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.036. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Sphingomyelin derivatives like sphingosine have been shown to enhance secretion in a variety of systems, including neuroendocrine and neuronal cells. By studying the mechanisms underlying this effect, we demonstrate here that sphingomyelin rafts co-localize strongly with synaptosomal-associated prot
PMID 25813703

PI(4,5)P2-binding effector proteins for vesicle exocytosis.

Martin TF1.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Jun;1851(6):785-793. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.017. Epub 2014 Oct 2.
PI(4,5)P2 participates directly in priming and possibly in fusion steps of Ca2+-triggered vesicle exocytosis. High concentration nanodomains of PI(4,5)P2 reside on the plasma membrane of neuroendocrine cells. A subset of vesicles that co-localize with PI(4,5)P2 domains appear to undergo preferential
PMID 25280637

Adrenal chromaffin cells do not swell when exposed to nanosecond electric pulses.

Craviso GL1, Fisher C2, Chatterjee I3, Thomas Vernier P4.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Bioelectrochemistry.2015 Jun;103:98-102. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.08.006. Epub 2014 Aug 23.
High intensity, nanosecond duration electric pulses (NEPs) permeabilize plasma membranes causing osmotic cell swelling that can elicit a wide variety of cellular effects. This study examined the possibility that cell swelling is the mechanism by which 5 ns NEPs trigger the release of catecholamines
PMID 25195000

Japanese Journal

Prompt Resolution of Hypoglycemia by Hepatic Transarterial Embolization for Malignant Insulinoma with Multiple Liver Metastases

Muro Shinichiro,Nasu Junichiro,Harada Ryo,Matsubara Minoru,Nakarai Asuka,Kanzaki Hiromitsu,Tsutsumi Kouichiro,Kato Hironari,Tanaka Takehiro,Fujiwara Hiroyasu,Uno Masatoshi,Okada Hiroyuki,Yamamoto Kazuhide
Acta Medica Okayama 68(5), 307-311, 2014-10
… Fine needle aspiration revealed Grade 3 small-cell type primary pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. …
NAID 120005477129

当院で手術療法を行った外陰癌の治療経験

佐々木拓幸,上之薗美耶,岩佐尚美 [他]
神奈川産科婦人科学会誌 = Kanagawa journal of obstetrics and gynecology : official journal, Kanagawa Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology 51(1), 96-100, 2014-09
NAID 40020251326

術前診断に苦慮した子宮頸部原発大細胞神経内分泌癌の1例

木寺信之,大井手志保,塚本薫 [他]
神奈川産科婦人科学会誌 = Kanagawa journal of obstetrics and gynecology : official journal, Kanagawa Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology 51(1), 2-5, 2014-09
NAID 40020250388