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convert into a sulfate
a salt or ester of sulphuric acid (同)sulphate

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/18 21:26:52」(JST)

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Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin.

Available dosage forms

Available dosage forms include:

UK: netilmicin (as sulfate):
- 10 mg/mL (1.5 mL amp)
- 50 mg/mL (1-mL amp)
- 100 mg/mL(1-mL,1.5-mL & 2-mL amp)
France: Nétilmicin sulfate:
- Amp 25 mg/1 mL
- 50 mg/2 mL
- 100 mg/1 mL
- 150 mg/1.5 mL

Ingredients for 100 mg/mL vial

Netilmicin (as sulphate)	100 mg
Sodium metabisulfite	2.4 mg
Sodium sulfite	0.8 mg
Edetate disodium	0.1 mg
Benzyl alcohol	10 mg
Water for injection	qs 1 mL

FDA approval date : February 28, 1983

Comparison with drugs of the same therapeutic category

According to the British National Formulary (BNF), netilmicin has similar activity to gentamicin, but less ototoxicity in those needing treatment for longer than 10 days.Netilmicin is active against a number of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli but is less active against Ps. Aeuroginosa than gentamicin or tobramycin.

However according to the below-mentioned studies, the above advantages are somehow controversial:

Netilmicin (Netromycin, Schering-Plough, Netspan- Cipla):
In summary, netilmicin has not been demonstrated to have significant advantages over other aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin), and it is more expensive; thus, its potential value is limited. Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 83-91.

Once-daily gentamicin versus once-daily netilmicin in patients with serious infections—a randomized clinical trial:
We conclude that with once-daily dosing no benefit of netilmicin over gentamicin regarding nephro- or ototoxicity could be demonstrated. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1994) 33, 823-835.

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gentamicin vs netilmicin in patients with serious infections. A randomized clinical trial:
We conclude that with once-daily treatment no benefit of netilmicin over gentamicin regarding nephro- or ototoxicity could be demonstrated. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1995 Apr;20(2):118-23.

Relative efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and tobramycin in oncology patients:
We conclude that aminoglycoside-associated ototoxicity was less severe and more often reversible with netilmicin than with tobramycin. Arch Intern Med. 1986 Dec;146(12):2329-34.

Daily single-dose aminoglycoside administration. Therapeutic and economic benefits:
Animal studies have shown that dosing aminoglycosides once daily is more efficient and less nephrotoxic than the conventional multiple daily dosing regimens. Netilmicin and amikacin are the drugs most often used in clinical trials of once-daily dosing regimens. Ugeskr Laeger. 1993 May 10;155(19):1436-41.

Comparison of Netilmicin with Gentamicin in the Therapy of Experimental Escherichia coli Meningitis:
Because of its reduced toxicity and greater in vivo bactericidal activity, netilmicin may offer an advantage over gentamicin in the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1978 June; 13(6): 899-904.

A comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin in the treatment of pelvic infections:
The microbacteria isolated by standard culture techniques before therapy revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 69% and 51% of the netilmicin and gentamicin groups, respectively; anaerobic organisms were cultured in about 75% of each group. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1979;54:554-557.

Netilmicin: a review of toxicity in laboratory animals:
Presently available data suggest that netilmicin offers distinct advantages over older aminoglycosides. Final conclusions must await prospective randomized double-blind trials in man. J Int Med Res. 1978;6(4):286-99.

Nonparallel nephrotoxicity dose-response curves of aminoglycosides:
Nephrotoxicity comparisons of aminoglycosides in rats, utilizing large multiples of human doses, have indicated an advantage for netilmicin. However, no nephrotoxicity advantage of netilmicin has been demonstrated at the lower doses used in clinics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981 June; 19(6): 1024–1028.

Comparative ototoxicity of netilmicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin in cats:
Under the conditions of this study, at least a twofold (vestibular) to fourfold (cochlear) relative safety margin for ototoxicity was established in favor of netilmicin over tobramycin and gentamicin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985 Mar 15;77(3):479-89.

Comparison of Netilmicin and Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics in Humans:
In a crossover study, single doses of netilmicin and gentamicin were administered intramuscularly, each at 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg. No significant differences were observed between the two drugs in disposition half-life, rate of distribution and elimination, area under the serum concentration-time curve, urinary excretion, total body clearance, and renal clearance. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 1980, p. 184-187. Schering-Plough Research Division, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003.

External links

Hemsworth S, Nunn A, Selwood K, Osborne C, Jones A, Pizer B (2005). "Once-daily netilmicin for neutropenic pyrexia in paediatric oncology.". Acta Paediatr 94 (3): 268–74. doi:10.1080/08035250510025923. PMID 16028643.
Klingenberg C, Småbrekke L, Lier T, Flaegstad T (2004). "Validation of a simplified netilmicin dosage regimen in infants.". Scand J Infect Dis 36 (6-7): 474–9. doi:10.1080/00365540410020613. PMID 15307571.
Brooks J, Marlow N, Reeves B, Millar M (2004). "Use of once-daily netilmicin to treat infants with suspected sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit.". Biol Neonate 86 (3): 170–5. doi:10.1159/000079423. PMID 15237240.

UpToDate Contents

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1. アミノグリコシド aminoglycosides
2. D群レンサ球菌（Streptococcus bovis、Streptococcus equinus complex）による感染症の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of infections due to group d streptococci streptococcus bovis streptococcus equinus complex
3. アミノグリコシドによる腎毒性の症状および危険因子 manifestations of and risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity
4. 腸球菌における抗菌薬耐性の機構 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci
5. アミノグリコシドの腎毒性および聴覚毒性の病因および予防 pathogenesis and prevention of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

English Journal

The Major Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzyme AAC(3)-II Found in Escherichia coli Determines a Significant Disparity in Its Resistance to Gentamicin and Amikacin in China.

Xiao Y, Hu Y.Source1 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .
Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.).Microb Drug Resist.2011 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli in different areas of China and to explore the relationship between pandemic enzyme type and bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents in China. Gentamicin- or etimicin-resistant clinic
PMID 22066787

Aminoglycoside susceptibility profiles of Enterobacter cloacae isolates harboring the aac(6')-Ib gene.

Kim SY, Park YJ, Yu JK, Kim YS.SourceDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Korea.
The Korean journal of laboratory medicine.Korean J Lab Med.2011 Oct;31(4):279-81. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
The aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases of type Ib (aac(6')-Ib) gene confers resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and netilmicin but not gentamicin. However, some isolates harboring this gene show reduced susceptibility to amikacin. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
PMID 22016682

Japanese Journal

レボフロキサシン1日間投与による泌尿器科外来検査及び処置後の感染予防効果の検討

泌尿器科紀要 47(11), 773-775, 2001-11
NAID 120002142217

アミノ配糖体系抗生物質Arbekacin, Astromicin, IsepamicinとNetilmicinの筋弛緩作用

The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 52(8), 554-561, 1999
NAID 130004395866

抗微生物剤の眼内許容投与濃度の決定 Ⅰ．アミノ配糖体系抗生剤

金沢大学十全医学会雑誌 101(4), 685-697, 1992-08-20
NAID 110006573450

「ネチルマイシン」

Netilmicin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-{[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-amino-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-6-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a605011
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	~0%
Biological half-life	2.5 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number	56391-56-1
ATC code	J01GB07 S01AA23
PubChem	CID: 41859
DrugBank	DB00955
ChemSpider	38195
UNII	4O5J85GJJB
KEGG	D08268
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1572
Chemical data
Formula	C21H41N5O7
Molecular mass	475.58 g/mol
	SMILES O[C@]3(C)[C@H](NC)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](NCC)C[C@H](N)[C@@H](OC1O\C(=C/CC1N)CN)[C@@H]2O)OC3 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H41N5O7/c1-4-26-13-7-12(24)16(32-19-11(23)6-5-10(8-22)31-19)14(27)17(13)33-20-15(28)18(25-3)21(2,29)9-30-20/h5,11-20,25-29H,4,6-9,22-24H2,1-3H3/t11?,12-,13+,14-,15+,16+,17-,18+,19?,20+,21-/m0/s1 ; Key:CIDUJQMULVCIBT-KALHTFJLSA-N ;
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