関: c-myc gene、c-myc proto-oncogene、myc oncogene、N-myc gene

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(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/29 23:01:51」(JST)

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Myc (c-Myc) is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor. The protein encoded by this gene is a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation.^[1]

A mutated version of Myc is found in many cancers, which causes Myc to be constitutively (persistently) expressed. This leads to the unregulated expression of many genes, some of which are involved in cell proliferation, and results in the formation of cancer.^[1] A common human translocation involving Myc is critical to the development of most cases of Burkitt Lymphoma.^[2] Malfunctions in Myc have also been found in carcinoma of the cervix, colon, breast, lung and stomach.^[1] Myc is thus viewed as a promising target for anti-cancer drugs.^[3]

In the human genome, Myc is located on chromosome 8 and is believed to regulate expression of 15% of all genes^[4] through binding on Enhancer Box sequences (E-boxes) and recruiting histone acetyltransferases (HATs). This means that in addition to its role as a classical transcription factor, Myc also functions to regulate global chromatin structure by regulating histone acetylation both in gene-rich regions and at sites far from any known gene.^[5]

Discovery

Myc gene was first discovered in Burkitt lymphoma patients. In Burkitt lymphoma, cancer cells show chromosomal translocations, in which Chromosome 8 is frequently involved. Cloning the break-point of the fusion chromosomes revealed a gene that was similar to myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (v-Myc). Thus, the newfound cellular gene was named c-Myc.

Structure

Myc protein belongs to Myc family of transcription factors, which also includes N-Myc and L-Myc genes. Myc family of transcription factors contain bHLH/LZ (basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper) domain. Myc protein, through its bHLH structural motif can bind to DNA, while the leucine zipper domain allows the dimerization with its partner Max, another bHLH transcription factor.

Myc mRNA contains an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) that allows the RNA to be translated into protein when 5' cap-dependent translation is inhibited, such as during viral infection.

Function

Myc protein is a transcription factor that activates expression of many genes through binding enhancer box sequences (E-boxes) and recruiting histone acetyltransferases (HATs). It can also act as a transcriptional repressor. By binding Miz-1 transcription factor and displacing the p300 co-activator, it inhibits expression of Miz-1 target genes. In addition, myc has a direct role in the control of DNA replication.^[6]

Myc is activated upon various mitogenic signals such as Wnt, Shh and EGF (via the MAPK/ERK pathway). By modifying the expression of its target genes, Myc activation results in numerous biological effects. The first to be discovered was its capability to drive cell proliferation (upregulates cyclins, downregulates p21), but it also plays a very important role in regulating cell growth (upregulates ribosomal RNA and proteins), apoptosis (downregulates Bcl-2), differentiation, and stem cell self-renewal. Myc is a very strong proto-oncogene and it is very often found to be upregulated in many types of cancers. Myc overexpression stimulates gene amplification,^[7] presumably through DNA over-replication.

There have been several studies that have clearly indicated Myc's role in cell competition.^[8]

A major effect of Myc is B cell proliferation.^[9]

c-Myc induces AEG-1 or MTDH gene expression and in turn itself requires AEG-1 oncogene for its expression.

Myc-nick

Myc-nick is a cytoplasmic form of Myc produced by a partial proteolytic cleavage of full-length c-Myc and N-Myc.^[10] Myc cleavage is mediated by the calpain family of calcium-dependent cytosolic proteases.

The cleavage of Myc by calpains is a constitutive process but is enhanced under conditions that require rapid downregulation of Myc levels, such as during terminal differentiation. Upon cleavage, the C-terminus of Myc (containing the DNA binding domain) is degraded, while Myc-nick, the N-terminal segment 298-residue segment remains in the cytoplasm. Myc-nick contains binding domains for histone acetyltransferases and for ubiquitin ligases.

The functions of Myc-nick are currently under investigation, but this new Myc family member was found to regulate cell morphology, at least in part, by interacting with acetyl transferases to promote the acetylation of α-tubulin. Ectopic expression of Myc-nick accelerates the differentiation of committed myoblasts into muscle cells.

Clinical significance

Except for early response genes, Myc universally upregulates gene expression. Furthermore the upregulation is nonlinear. Genes whose expression is already significantly upregulated in the absence of Myc are strongly boosted in the presence of Myc, whereas genes whose expression is low in the absence Myc get only a small boost when Myc is present.^[11]

Inactivation of SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE1 / SAE2) in the presence of Myc hyperactivation results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death in cancer cells. Hence inhibitors of SUMOylation may be a possible treatment for cancer.^[12]

Amplification of the MYC gene was found in a significant number of epithelial ovarian cancer cases.^[13] In TCGA datasets, the amplification of Myc occurs in several cancer types, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, and uterine cancers.^[14]

In the experimental transformation process of normal cells into cancer cells, the MYC gene can cooperate with the RAS gene.^[15]^[16]

Expression of Myc is highly dependent on BRD4 function in some cancers.^[17]^[18] BET inhibitors have been used to successfully block Myc function in pre-clinical cancer models and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.^[19]^[20]

Animal Models

During the discovery of Myc gene, it was realized that chromosomes that reciprocally translocate to Chromosome 8 contained immunoglobulin genes at the break-point. Enhancers that normally drive expression of immunoglobin genes now lead to overexpression of Myc proto-oncogene in lymphoma cells. To study the mechanism of tumorigenesis in Burkitt lymphoma by mimicking expression pattern of Myc in these cancer cells, transgenic mouse models were developed. Myc gene placed under the control of IgM heavy chain enhancer in transgenic mice gives rise to mainly lymphomas. Later on, in order to study effects of Myc in other types of cancer, transgenic mice that overexpress Myc in different tissues (liver, breast) were also made. In all these mouse models overexpression of Myc causes tumorigenesis, illustrating the potency of Myc oncogene.

Interactions

Myc has been shown to interact with:

ACTL6A^[21]
BRCA1^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
Bcl-2^[26]
Cyclin T1^[27]
CHD8.^[28]
DNMT3A^[29]
EP400^[30]
GTF2I^[31]
HTATIP^[32]
let-7^[33]^[34]^[35]
MAPK1^[26]^[36]^[37]
MAPK8^[38]
MAX^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]
MLH1^[43]
MYCBP2^[52]
MYCBP^[53]
NMI^[22]
NFYB^[54]
NFYC^[55]
P73^[56]
PCAF^[57]
PFDN5^[58]^[59]
RuvB-like 1^[21]^[30]
SAP130^[57]
SMAD2^[60]
SMAD3^[60]
SMARCA4^[21]^[39]
SMARCB1^[42]
SUPT3H^[57]
TIAM1^[61]
TADA2L^[57]
TAF9^[57]
TFAP2A^[62]
TRRAP^[21]^[40]^[41]^[57]
WDR5^[63]
YY1^[64] and
ZBTB17.^[65]^[66]

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

References

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External links

The Myc Protein
NCBI Human Myc protein
Myc cancer gene
myc Proto-Oncogene Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4
Drosophila Myc - The Interactive Fly
FactorBook C-Myc

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 濾胞性リンパ腫における組織学的進展 histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma
2. バーキットリンパ腫の病理学 pathobiology of burkitt lymphoma
3. びまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫の予後 prognosis of diffuse large b cell lymphoma
4. 濾胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、診断、および予後 clinical manifestations pathologic features diagnosis and prognosis of follicular lymphoma
5. びまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫および原発性縦隔大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫の病理学 pathobiology of diffuse large b cell lymphoma and primary mediastinal large b cell lymphoma

English Journal

C086, a novel analogue of curcumin, induces growth inhibition and down-regulation of NFκB in colon cancer cells and xenograft tumors.

Chen C, Liu Y, Xu J.SourceFujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Cancer biology & therapy.Cancer Biol Ther.2011 Nov 1;12(9). [Epub ahead of print]
New analogues of curcumin with improved properties are needed to meet therapeutic requirements. In this study, the effects of C086 on growth inhibition and NFκB pathway regulation were investigated in colon cancer cells and xenograft tumors. C086 exhibited potent antiproliferative activity in all 6
PMID 21900746

N-myc downstream regulated gene1/Cap43 overexpression suppresses tumor growth by hepatic cancer cells through cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase.

Akiba J, Murakami Y, Noda M, Watari K, Ogasawara S, Yoshida T, Kawahara A, Sanada S, Yasumoto M, Yamaguchi R, Kage M, Kuwano M, Ono M, Yano H.SourceDepartment of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2011 Nov 1;310(1):25-34. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1)/Cap43 regulates tumor growth and metastasis in various carcinomas. In this study we examined whether and how NDRG1/Cap43 modulates tumor growth by human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. NDRG1/Cap43 cDNA was used to transfect HCC cell lines (KIM-1), and
PMID 21775055

Japanese Journal

Induced pluripotent stem cells: opportunities and challenges.

Okita Keisuke,Yamanaka Shinya
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 366, 2183-2197, 2011-08-12
… Somatic cells have been reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells by introducing a combination of several transcription factors, such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. … Several studies of gene expression, epigenetic modification and differentiation revealed the insufficient reprogramming of iPS cells, thus suggesting the need for improvement of the reprogramming procedure not only in quantity but also in quality. …
NAID 120003255724

The effect of Ndrg2 expression on astroglial activation

Takeichi Toshiaki,Takarada-Iemata Mika,Hashida Koji,Sudo Hirofumi,Okuda Tomohiko,Kokame Koichi,Hatano Taku,Takanashi Masashi,Funabe Sayaka,Hattori Nobutaka,Kitamura Osamu,Kitao Yasuko,Hori Osamu
Neurochemistry International 59(1), 21-27, 2011-08
… N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) is a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). … In cultured astrocytes, gene silencing of Ndrg2 significantly enhanced the numbers of 5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine (BrdU)-incorporated and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, and reduced the length of cell processes and the amount of F-actin. …
NAID 120003221535

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「myc oncogene」「myc遺伝子」
拡張検索	「N-myc gene」「c-myc gene」
関連記事	「my」

「myc oncogene」

V-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog
	Structure of the c-Myc (red) in complex with Max (blue) and DNA (PDB 1nkp). Both proteins are binding the major groove of the DNA by forming a fork-like structure.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A93, 1EE4, 1MV0, 1NKP, 2A93, 2OR9
Identifiers
Symbols	MYC ; MRTL; MYCC; bHLHe39; c-Myc
External IDs	OMIM: 190080 MGI: 97250 HomoloGene: 31092 ChEMBL: 1250348 GeneCards: MYC Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding; • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription; • DNA binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • protein binding; • transcription factor binding; • protein complex binding; • protein dimerization activity; • repressing transcription factor binding; • E-box binding;
Cellular component	• nucleus; • nucleoplasm; • nucleolus; • cytosol; • protein complex;
Biological process	• negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • MAPK cascade; • branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis; • positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation; • energy reserve metabolic process; • chromatin remodeling; • transcription, DNA-templated; • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter; • cellular iron ion homeostasis; • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus; • cell cycle arrest; • transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; • Notch signaling pathway; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • response to gamma radiation; • gene expression; • regulation of gene expression; • oxygen transport; • regulation of telomere maintenance; • negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade; • cellular response to UV; • cellular response to drug; • response to drug; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • fibroblast apoptotic process; • negative regulation of monocyte differentiation; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation; • negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation; • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • chromosome organization; • negative regulation of cell division; • canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • response to growth factor; • positive regulation of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation; • positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

;関:c-myc gene

関: c-myc gene、c-myc proto-oncogene、myc gene、N-myc gene

myc gene

「myc遺伝子」

　　[★]

英: myc gene
関: c-myc遺伝子、c-myc癌原遺伝子、N-myc遺伝子

「N-myc gene」

　　[★]

N-myc遺伝子

関: c-myc gene、c-myc proto-oncogene、myc gene、myc oncogene

「c-myc gene」

　　[★]

c-myc遺伝子

関: c-myc proto-oncogene、myc gene、myc oncogene、N-myc gene

「my」

　　[★]

comb form.

筋肉(muscle)

関: muscle, muscular, muscularis, musculus

[entrez-1] "Myc". NCBI.

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myc gene