militant

　 　 　

WordNet

1. disposed to warfare or hard-line policies; "militant nations"; "hawkish congressman"; "warlike policies" (同)hawkish, warlike
2. a militant reformer (同)activist

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (目的・主義のために)攻撃的な,好戦的な,闘争的な / 好戦的な人,闘争家

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/04 20:14:49」(JST)

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For other uses, see Militant (disambiguation).

The English word militant is both an adjective and a noun, and is usually used to mean vigorously active, combative and aggressive, especially in support of a cause, as in 'militant reformers'. It comes from the 15th century Latin "militare" meaning "to serve as a soldier". The related modern concept of the militia as a defensive organization against invaders grew out of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd. In times of crisis, the militiaman left his civilian duties and became a soldier until the emergency was over, when he returned to his civilian occupation.

The current meaning of militant does not usually refer to a registered soldier: it can be anyone who subscribes to the idea of using vigorous, sometimes extreme, activity to achieve an objective, usually political. A "militant [political] activist" would be expected to be more confrontational and aggressive than an activist not described as militant.

Militance may or may not include physical violence, armed combat, terrorism, and the like. The Trotskyist Militant group in the United Kingdom published a newspaper, was active in labour disputes, moved resolutions in political meetings, but was not based on violence, although some confrontations might lead to unarmed fighting. The purpose of the Christian Church Militant is to struggle against sin, the devil and "..the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places" (Ephesians 6:12), but it is not a violent movement.

As adjective

Militant can mean "vigorously active and aggressive, especially in support of a cause" as in 'militant reformers'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, defines militant as "Having a combative character; aggressive, especially in the service of a cause". The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines militant as "aggressively active (as in a cause)". It says that the word militant might be typically be used in phrases such as 'militant conservationists' or 'a militant attitude'.

An example of the adjective usages is demonstrated when The New York Times ran an article titled Militant Environmentalists Planning Summer Protests to Save Redwoods describing a group that believes in "confrontational demonstrations" and "nonviolent tactics" to get across their message of preserving the environment. Another usage example includes 'a militant political activist', drawing attention to behaviours typical of those engaged in intensive political activism. The political protests headed by the Reverend Al Sharpton have been described as militant in nature in The Washington Post.

The word "militant" is sometimes used to describe groups that do not name or describe themselves as militants, but that advocate extreme violence. In the early 21st Century, members of groups involved in Islamic terrorism such as Al-Qaeda are usually described as militants.

As noun

A militant, as a noun, is a person who uses militant methods in pursuit of an objective; the term is not associated with the military. In general usage, a militant person is a confrontational person who does not necessarily use violence. Militant can refer to individuals or groups displaying aggressive behavior or attitudes.

Militant is sometimes used as a euphemism for terrorist or armed insurgent. (For more on this, see mass media usage below.)

Militant is often used within some religious circles to denote the continuous battle of Christians (as church members) or the Christian Church in their struggle against sin. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church differentiates between Church militant and church triumphant. Ellen G. White, one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist church, says "Now the church is militant. Now we are confronted with a world in darkness, almost wholly given over to idolatry."

Such religious meaning must not be confused with the word 'belligerent' used to describe extremist religious behaviours found in some who, based on their extreme religious beliefs or ideologies, take up weapons and become involved in warfare, or who commit acts of violence or terrorism in an attempt to advance their extremist religious agendas. Such extremist groups can be Christian, Muslims, Jewish, or of any other religious affiliation.

Mass media usage

Newspapers, magazines, and other information sources may deem militant a neutral term, whereas terrorist or guerrilla conventionally indicates disapproval of the behavior of the individual or organization so labeled, regardless of the motivations for such behavior. Militant, at other times, can refer to anyone not a member of formal armed forces engaging in warfare or serving as a combatant.

The mass media sometimes uses the term "militant" in the context of terrorism. Journalists sometimes apply the term militant to movements using terrorism as a tactic. The mass media also has used the term militant groups or radical militants for terrorist organizations. In this usage, "militant" is virtually a euphemism for "terrorist".

Legal inferences

Those resisting a foreign military occupation can be seen as not meriting the label terrorists because their acts of political violence against military targets of a foreign occupier do not violate international law. Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions gives lawful combatant status to those engaging in armed conflicts against alien (or foreign) occupation, colonial domination and racist régimes. Non-uniformed guerrillas also gain combatant status if they carry arms openly during military operations. Protocol 1 does not legitimize attacks on civilians by militants who fall into these categories.

In the UN General Assembly Resolution on terrorism (42/159, 7 December 1987). which condemns international terrorism and outlines measures to combat the crime, with one proviso: "that nothing in the present resolution could in any way prejudice the right to self-determination, freedom and independence, as derived from the Charter of the United Nations, of peoples forcibly deprived of that right [...], particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes and foreign occupation or other forms of colonial domination, nor...the right of these peoples to struggle to this end and to seek and receive support [in accordance with the Charter and other principles of international law]."

Span of militancy

Militants occur across the political spectrum, including racial or religious supremacists, separatists, abortion opponents and proponents, and environmentalists. Examples of left-wing, right-wing, and advocacy group militants include militant reformers, militant feminists, militant animal rights advocates, and militant anarchists. The phrase militant Islam can suggest violent and aggressive political activity by Islamic individuals, groups, movements, or governments. Various secret societies that have been known to be militarists are known as militant.

Using the president’s authority to assassinate people worldwide who pose an “imminent threat” if “capture is not feasible", the Obama administration routinely calls every victim of extrajudicial killing a militant.

Organizations

Among organisations that describe themselves as militants, the Ulster Young Militants are an example of a group resorting to violence (intimidation, arson, and murder) as a deliberate tactic.

See also

Compare and contrast these related articles:

• Activist – individuals in intentional action to bring about social or political change.
• Belligerent – one of a contracting parties in a conflict.
• Church militant (Ecclesia Militans) – Christians who are living.
• combat or fighting- purposeful conflict between one or more persons, often involving violence and intended to establish dominance over the opposition.
• combatant – a soldier or guerrilla member who is waging war.
• crusader – Christian warriors in a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th century. Used contemporarily to describe people that attack Islam, whether perceived or real.
• demonstrator – An individual who is publicly displaying the common opinion of an activist group, often economically, political, or socially, by gathering in a crowd, usually at a symbolic place or date, associated with that opinion.
• extremist – ideas or actions thought by critics to be hyperbolic and unwarranted.
• fundamentalism – anti-modernist movements in various religions.
• guerrilla – small combat groups and the individual members of such groups operating with small, mobile and flexible combat groups called cells, without a front line.
• imminent threat - a criterion in international law, developed over the Caroline affair, described as being "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation."; the Caroline test has as additional criterion that the response must be proportionate to the threat.
• insurgent – an armed rebellion by any irregular armed force that rises up against an established authority, government, administration or occupation.
• jihadist – political neologism used to describe violent persons and movements in contemporary Islam.
• man-at-arms – medieval term for a soldier, almost always a professional.
• mercenary – soldier who fights, or engages in warfare primarily for private gain, usually with little regard for ideological, national or political considerations.
• military – any armed force, it generally refers to a permanent, professional force of soldiers or guerrillas.
• Militant (or the Militant tendency) – Trotskyist group active as an entryist group within the UK Labour Party who were found to be in breach of the Labour Party's constitution. The group existed in this form from 1964 to 1991.
• mujahideen – Muslim fighters; literally means "strugglers" or "people doing jihad". The correct term for a "jihadist".
• partisan – member of a lightly equipped irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation.
• protester – expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favour, more often opposed.
• preemptive strike - a surprise attack to counter an anticipated enemy offensive.
• rebel – individuals who participate in rebellions.
• Reform Movement – kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of the society rather than rapid or fundamental changes.
• rioter – people in crowds committing crimes or acts of violence
• soldier – person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests.
• vigilante – any individual(s) who establish their own form of justice or forms a collaboration with law enforcement to fight against criminal activities. Usually militant and armed.
• war – state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians.
• warrior – person habitually engaged in combat. In tribal societies, warriors often form a caste or class of their own.
• zealot – An individual that is zealous on behalf of God.

References

English Journal

• Resistance, mobilization and militancy: nurses on strike.

• Briskin L.Author information Social Science Department ⁄ School of Women’s Studies, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lbriskin@yorku.caAbstractDrawing on nurses' strikes in many countries, this paper explores nurse militancy with reference to professionalism and the commitment to service; patriarchal practices and gendered subordination; and proletarianization and the confrontation with healthcare restructuring. These deeply entangled trajectories have had a significant impact on the work, consciousness and militancy of nurses and have shaped occupation-specific forms of resistance. They have produced a pattern of overlapping solidarities--occupational solidarity, gendered alliances and coalitions around healthcare restructuring--which have supported, indeed promoted, militancy among nurses, despite the multiple forces arrayed against them. The professional commitments of nurses to the provision of care have confronted healthcare restructuring, nursing shortages, intensification of work, precarious employment and gendered hierarchies with a militant discourse around the public interest, and a reconstitution and reclamation of 'caring', what I call the politicisation of caring. In fact, nurses' dedication to caring work in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries may encourage rather than dissuade them from going on strike. This paper uses a trans-disciplinary methodology, qualitative material in the form of strike narratives constructed from newspaper archives, and references to the popular and scholarly literature on nursing militancy.
• Nursing inquiry.Nurs Inq.2012 Dec;19(4):285-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00585.x. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
• Drawing on nurses' strikes in many countries, this paper explores nurse militancy with reference to professionalism and the commitment to service; patriarchal practices and gendered subordination; and proletarianization and the confrontation with healthcare restructuring. These deeply entangled traj
• PMID 22059465

• Don't tread on me: masculine honor ideology in the U.S. and militant responses to terrorism.

• Barnes CD1, Brown RP, Osterman LL.Author information 1Psychology Department, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA. collindbarnes@gmail.comAbstractUsing both college students and a national sample of adults, the authors report evidence linking the ideology of masculine honor in the U.S. with militant responses to terrorism. In Study 1, individuals' honor ideology endorsement predicted, among other outcomes, open-ended hostile responses to a fictitious attack on the Statue of Liberty and support for the use of extreme counterterrorism measures (e.g., severe interrogations), controlling for right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and other covariates. In Study 2, the authors used a regional classification to distinguish honor state respondents from nonhonor state respondents, as has traditionally been done in the literature, and showed that students attending a southwestern university desired the death of the terrorists responsible for 9/11 more than did their northern counterparts. These studies are the first to show that masculine honor ideology in the U.S. has implications for the intergroup phenomenon of people's responses to terrorism.
• Personality & social psychology bulletin.Pers Soc Psychol Bull.2012 Aug;38(8):1018-29. doi: 10.1177/0146167212443383. Epub 2012 May 2.
• Using both college students and a national sample of adults, the authors report evidence linking the ideology of masculine honor in the U.S. with militant responses to terrorism. In Study 1, individuals' honor ideology endorsement predicted, among other outcomes, open-ended hostile responses to a fi
• PMID 22551662

• [Environmental management: critical analysis, scenarios and challenges].

• Porto MF1, Schütz GE.Author information 1Centro de Estudos da Saúde do trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ. marcelo.firpo@ensp.fiocruz.brAbstractThis article discusses the limits, alternatives and challenges of environmental management in contemporary globalized capitalist societies. It is based on a critical analysis supported by authors from social sciences, political ecology and public health. To this end, we systematize the meaning of hegemonic environmental management in terms of eco-efficiency and its limits to tackle environmental risks and construct democratic processes and societies. We developed four ideal scenarios involving possible combinations of environmental management and democracy. This model served as a base, together with academic studies and the theoretical and militant experience of the authors, for a reflection on the current characteristics and future trends of environmental management and democracy, with emphasis on the reality of Latin America, specifically Brazil. Lastly, we discuss possibilities for social transformation taking into consideration the contradictions and emancipatory alternatives resulting from confrontations between hegemonic tendencies of the market and counter-hegemonic utopias and social movements. The latter assume principles of environmental justice, economic solidarity, agro-ecology and sustainability as well as the construction of new epistemologies.
• Ciência & saúde coletiva.Cien Saude Colet.2012 Jun;17(6):1447-56.
• This article discusses the limits, alternatives and challenges of environmental management in contemporary globalized capitalist societies. It is based on a critical analysis supported by authors from social sciences, political ecology and public health. To this end, we systematize the meaning of he
• PMID 22699636

• Pathology of cause of death from penetrating weapons in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: an autopsy study of 254 cases.

• Seleye-Fubara D1, Etebu EN.Author information 1Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital PMB 6173, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. dsfubara@yahoo.comAbstractAIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the pattern of death caused by penetrating weapons. This is a prospective autopsy study of 254 cases over 8 years (1995 - 2002)
• The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal.Niger Postgrad Med J.2012 Jun;19(2):107-10.
• AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the pattern of death caused by penetrating weapons. This is a prospective autopsy study of 254 cases over 8 years (1995 - 2002)SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all the medico-legal autopsies performed by the authors on bodies in which the circumstances
• PMID 22728977

Japanese Journal

• フランス宗教戦争の勃発

• 山田 慎人
• 武庫川女子大学紀要. 人文・社会科学編 61, 23-31, 2014-03
• … AfterHenry's death, the religious tension was exacerbated by a power struggle among noble families – such as theGuises, the militant defenders of the Catholic faith, and the Bourbons, who were sympathetic to the Protestantcause – to dominate Henry's young sons, Francis II（ 1559-60） and Charles IX（ 1560-74）. …
• NAID 120005436584

• 南部フィリピン紛争 : 宗教的民族概念の形成と再定義をめぐって (特集 再考･アジアの戦争を考える : 私たちは何を学ぶべきか)

• 川島 緑
• アジア太平洋研究 (39), 41-56, 2014
• … However, the increasing marginalization and militant aggression in the late 1960s compelled some of them to support the armed revolutionary movement. …
• NAID 120005576223

• ある戦闘的キリスト者の「大陸雄飛」とブラジルでの教育活動 : 岸本昂一と暁星学園をめぐって

• 根川 幸男
• キリスト教社会問題研究 62, 199-225, 2013-12
• 研究ノート(Note)
• NAID 110009660147

• タルサ人種暴動 : オクラホマ州の黒人の戦闘性

• 金城 智子
• 久留米大学大学院比較文化研究論集 (32), 1-20, 2013-07
• NAID 40020032127

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