Barricade at the Paris Commune, 1871
Civil rights activists at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963
A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change, or stasis. Various forms of activism range from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes. Research is beginning to explore how activist groups in the United States[1] and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.[2]
Contents
- 1 Types
- 2 The Internet
- 3 Activism industry
- 4 Methods
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
Types
Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., introduced the term "judicial activism" in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled "The Supreme Court: 1947".[3] Activists are also public watchdogs and whistle blowers, attempting to understand all the actions of every form of government that acts in the name of the people: all government must be accountable to oversight and transparency. Activism is an engaged citizenry.
Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change. The cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically.
As with those who engage in other activities such as singing or running, the term may apply broadly to anyone who engages in it even briefly, or be more narrowly limited to those for whom it is a vocation, habit, or characteristic practice. In the narrower sense, environmental activists that align themselves with Earth First or Road Protestors would commonly be labeled activists, whilst a local community fighting to stop their park or green being sold off or built on would fit the broader application, due to their using similar means to similarly conservative ends. In short, activism is not always an action by Activists.[4]
The Internet
For more than fourteen years, groups involved in various forms of activism have been using the Internet to advance organizational goals. It has been argued that the Internet helps to increase the speed, reach and effectiveness of activist-related communication as well as mobilization efforts, and as a result has had a positive impact on activism in general.[2][5][6][7]
Activism industry
The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism. Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organization's core business. Many organizations in the activism industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods.[citation needed]
The term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well.[8] Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government.[9]
Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations.
Methods
The longest running peace vigil in U.S. history, started by activist Thomas in 1981.
- Agitation
- Civil disobedience
- Community building
- Conflict transformation
- Cooperative movement
- Craftivism
- Grassroots
- Voluntary simplicity
- Dissident
- Economic activism
- Boycott
- Guerrilla gardening (boycott of food- and drug industry)
- Freeganism
- Veganism (boycott of animal usage)
- Vegetarianism (boycott of animal meat usage)
- Consumer activism
- Divestment (a.k.a. Disinvestment)
- Simple living
- Tax resistance
- Franchise activism
- Lobbying
- Media activism
- Culture jamming
- Hacktivism
- Internet activism
- Nonviolence
- Peace activist and Peace movement
- Political campaigning
- Propaganda
- Protest
- Demonstration
- Direct action
- Protest songs
- Theater for Social Change
- Strike action
- Youth activism
- Student activism
- Youth-led media
- Atheist activism
See also
- List of activists
- Advocacy Evaluation
- Advocacy group
- Agitator
- Counterculture of the 1960s
- Cultural Marxism
- Community leader
- Media manipulation
- Restorationism
- Saul Alinsky
- Slacktivism
- Social engineering (political science)
- Social movement
- Virtual volunteering
References
- ^ Obar, Jonathan et al. (2012). "Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action". Journal of Information Policy.
- ^ a b Obar, Jonathan (2014). "Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada". Canadian Journal of Communication. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Keenan Kmiec in a 2004 California Law Review article
- ^ "Introduction to Activism". Permanent Culture Now. Permanent Culture Now. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Ope;, J. A. M. (1999). "From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566: 132–143. doi:10.1177/000271629956600111.
- ^ Eaton, M. (2010). "Manufacturing Community in an Online Activity Organization: The Rhetoric of MoveOn.org’s E-mails". Information, Communication and Society 13 (2): 174–192. doi:10.1080/13691180902890125.
- ^ Obar, J. A.; Zube, P.; Lampe, C. (2012). "Advocacy 2.0: An analysis of how advocacy groups in the United States perceive and use social media as tools for facilitating civic engagement and collective action". Journal of Information Policy 2: 1–25. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1956352.
- ^ Dana R. Fisher, "The Activism Industry: The Problem with the Left's Model of Outsourced Grassroots Canvassing", The American Prospect, 14 September 2006
- ^ New Federal Lobbying Law Reporting Periods Begin
Further reading
- Paul Rogat Loeb, Soul of a Citizen: Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time (St Martin's Press, 2010). ISBN 978-0-312-59537-1.
- Brian Martin. The Controversy Manual (Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2014).
- Brian Martin. Doing Good Things Better (Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2013)
- Brian Martin. Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
- Brian Martin with Wendy Varney. Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).
- Brian Martin. Nonviolence versus capitalism (London: War Resisters' International, 2001).
- Brian Martin. Technology for Nonviolent Struggle, (London: War Resisters' International, 2001).
- Brian Martin with Lyn Carson. Random Selection in Politics, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999).
- Brian Martin. The Whistleblower's Handbook: How to Be an Effective Resister, (Charlbury, UK: Jon Carpenter; Sydney: Envirobook, 1999). Updated and republished 2013 as Whistleblowing: a practical guide, Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing.
- Randy Shaw, The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond (University of California Press, 1996). ISBN 0-520-20317-8.
- David Walls, The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America (Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 1993). ISBN 0-671-74634-0.
- Victor Gold, Liberwocky (Thomas Nelson, 2004). ISBN 978-0-7852-6057-8.
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