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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/17 11:49:06」(JST)

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A microbody is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especially prevalent in the liver and kidney organs.

Structure[edit]

Microbody Structure - A Peroxisome

A microbody is usually a vesicle with a spherical shape, ranging from 0.2-1.5 micrometers in diameter.^[1] Microbodies are found in the cytoplasm of a cell, but they are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They are surrounded by a single phospholipid bilayer membrane and they contain a matrix of intracellular material including enzymes and other proteins, but they do not seem to contain any genetic material to allow them to self-replicate.^[1]

Function[edit]

Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell. This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids. Different types of microbodies have different functions:

Peroxisomes[edit]

A peroxisome is a type of microbody that functions to help the body break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances. It contains enzymes like oxidase, which can create hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of its enzymatic reactions. Within the peroxisome, hydrogen peroxide can then be converted to water by enzymes like catalase and peroxidase.

Glyoxysomes[edit]

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants and mold, which help to convert stored lipids into carbohydrates so they can be used for plant growth. In glyoxysomes the fatty acids are hydrolyzed to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes also possess the key enzymes of the Glyoxylate cycle.

History[edit]

Microbodies were first discovered and named in 1954 by Rhodin.^[2] Two years later in 1956, Rouiller and Bernhard presented the first worldwide accepted images of microbodies in liver cells.^[2] Then in 1965, Christian de Duve and coworkers isolated microbodies from the liver of a rat. De Duve also believed that the name Microbody was too general and chose the name of Peroxisome because of its relationship with hydrogen peroxide.^[3] In 1967, Breidenbach and Beevers were the first to isolate microbodies from plants, which they named Glyoxysomes because they were found to contain enzymes of the Glyoxylate cycle.

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b "Microbodies." Molecular Biology of Plant Cells. Ed. H. Smith. N.p.: University of California, 1978. 136-54. Print.
^ ^a ^b de Duve C and Baudhuin P (1966). "Peroxisomes (Microbodies and Related Particles)". Physiological Reviews 46: 303.
^ de Duve C (1969). "The peroxisome: a new cytoplasmic organelle". Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 173 (30): 71–83. doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0039. PMID 4389648.

References[edit]

1.Smith, S.E., and Bronwyn Harris. WiseGeek. Conjecture, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2013.
2.Wayne, Randy O. "Chapter 5 Peroxisomes." Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 75-84. Print.

English Journal

Esquamula lacrimiformis n. g., n. sp., a New Member of Thaumatomonads that Lacks Siliceous Scales.

Shiratori T, Yabuki A, Ishida K.SourceGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.J Eukaryot Microbiol.2012 Nov;59(6):527-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00635.x. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
We report a new naked cercozoan flagellate, Esquamula lacrimiformis n. g., n. sp., collected from a sandy beach in Japan. Its cells were 4.5-11.3 μm in length and 3.9-8.8 μm in width and possess two unequal flagella. Cells move in a smooth gliding motion and have a trailing long posterior flagel
PMID 22742560

Japanese Journal

Increase in peroxisome number and the gene expression of putative glyoxysomal enzymes in Chlamydomonas cells supplemented with acetate

Journal of plant research 128(1), 177-185, 2015-01
NAID 40020349977

Identification of Peroxisome-Dividing Ring in Cyanidioschyzon merolae Based on Organelle Partner Hypothesis

Cytologia : international journal of cytology 77(4), 515-522, 2012-12-25
NAID 10031151450

Visualization of microbodies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Journal of plant research 125(4), 579-586, 2012-07-01
NAID 10030804091

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