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Anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth:
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.
5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.
A microaerophile is a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere (i.e. <21% O2; typically 2-10% O2).[1][2] Many microaerophiles are also capnophiles, requiring an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide (e.g. 10% CO2 in the case of Campylobacter spp.).[3]
Contents
- 1 Culture
- 2 Examples
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Culture
Microaerophiles can be cultivated in candle jars. Candle jars are containers into which a lit candle is introduced before sealing the container's airtight lid. The candle's flame burns until extinguished by oxygen deprivation, creating a carbon dioxide-rich, oxygen-poor atmosphere.[4] Other methods of creating a microaerobic environment include using a gas-generating pack and gas exchange.[3]
Examples
- Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic.[3][5]
- Helicobacter pylori, a species of proteobacteria that has been linked to peptic ulcers and some types of gastritis.[6]
See also
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
- Fermentation
- Obligate aerobe
- Obligate anaerobe
- Facultative anaerobe
References
- ^ Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 91–107. ISBN 0-471-49754-1.
- ^ Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1996). Microbiology (3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-697-29390-4.
- ^ a b c Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA (2007). Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology (24th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 273–275. ISBN 0-07-128735-3.
- ^ Salim SM, Mandal J, Parija SC (March 2014). "Isolation of Campylobacter from human stool samples". Indian J Med Microbiol 32 (1): 35–38. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.124294. PMID 24399385.
- ^ Fernie DS, Park RW (August 1977). "The isolation and nature of campylobacters (microaerophilic vibrios) from laboratory and wild rodents". J. Med. Microbiol. 10 (3): 325–9. doi:10.1099/00222615-10-3-325. PMID 330861.
- ^ Cover TL (2012). "Perspectives on methodology for in vitro culture of Helicobacter pylori". Methods Mol Biol 921: 11–15. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_3. PMC 3921885. PMID 23015486.
External links
- Characterization of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis.
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Microbiology: Bacteria
|
|
Pathogenic
bacteria |
- Bacterial disease
- Coley's toxins
- Exotoxin
- Lysogenic cycle
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| Human flora |
- Gut flora
- Skin flora
- Vaginal flora
|
|
Substrate
preference |
- Lipophilic
- Saccharophilic
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Oxygen
preference |
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
- Microaerophile
- Nanaerobe
- Aerotolerant
|
|
| Structures |
Cell
envelope |
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall: Peptidoglycan
- Gram-positive bacteria only: Teichoic acid
- Lipoteichoic acid
- Endospore
- Gram-negative bacteria only: Bacterial outer membrane
- Periplasmic space
- Mycobacteria only: Arabinogalactan
- Mycolic acid
|
|
Outside
envelope |
- Bacterial capsule
- Slime layer
- S-layer
- Glycocalyx
- Pilus
- Fimbria
|
|
| Composite |
|
|
|
| Shapes |
- Bacterial cellular morphologies
- L-form bacteria
- Coccus
- Bacillus
- Coccobacillus
- Spiral
|
|
|
Index of bacterial disease
|
|
| Description |
|
|
| Disease |
- Gram-positive firmicutes
- Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Gram-negative proteobacteria
- Gram-negative non-proteobacteria
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
|
|
| Treatment |
- Antibiotics
- cell wall
- nucleic acid
- mycobacteria
- protein synthesis
- other
- Antibodies
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|
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English Journal
- Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori.
- Gomes CC1, Gomez RS, Zina LG, Amaral FR.
- Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal.2016 Mar 1;21(2):e187-91.
- BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a recurrent painful ulcerative disorder that commonly affects the oral mucosa. Local and systemic factors such as trauma, food sensitivity, nutritional deficiencies, systemic conditions, immunological disorders and genetic polymorphisms are associat
- PMID 26827061
- PerR controls oxidative stress defence and aerotolerance but not motility-associated phenotypes of Campylobacter jejuni.
- Handley RA1, Mulholland F2, Reuter M2, Ramachandran VK3, Musk H4, Clissold L4, Le Brun NE5, van Vliet AH2.
- Microbiology (Reading, England).Microbiology.2015 Jul;161(7):1524-36. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000109. Epub 2015 May 12.
- The foodborne bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is an obligate microaerophile that is exposed to atmospheric oxygen during transmission through the food chain. Survival under aerobic conditions requires the concerted control of oxidative stress systems, which in C. jejuni are intimately connec
- PMID 25968890
- Chloracidobacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov.: an anoxygenic microaerophilic chlorophotoheterotrophic acidobacterium.
- Tank M1, Bryant DA2.
- International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.2015 May;65(Pt 5):1426-30. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.000113. Epub 2015 Feb 9.
- A novel anoxygenic photoheterotrophic member of the phylum Acidobacteria , Chloracidobacterium thermophilum strain B sp. nov., was isolated from a cyanobacterial enrichment culture derived from microbial mats associated with Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, WY. C. thermophilum sp. nov. was
- PMID 25667398
Japanese Journal
- Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing microaerophile from terrestrial hot springs in the Azores
- 口腔細菌の嫌気的呼吸系発現に係わるＦＮＲ様転写制御蛋白質
Related Links
- Microaerophile - Free definition results from over 1700 online dictionaries ... Bacteriën die micro-aerofiel zijn, hebben wel zuurstof nodig, maar wel in kleine hoeveelheden. Wanneer deze organismen aan te veel zuurstof worden ...
- microaerophile [mī′krō·er′ōfil] Etymology: Gk, mikros, small, aer, air, philein, to love a microorganism that requires free oxygen for growth but at a lower concentration than that contained in the atmosphere. Compare aerobe, anaerobe. ...
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