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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/23 01:31:20」(JST)

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Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway.^[1] These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane, and in this case they are called methanotrophs. The methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus is used to degrade methane and other pollutants. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes.

General Microbiology

Methylotrophic organisms are able to grow at the expense of one or more of the compounds typically used by methophiles, but cannot use methane. Methylotrophs are a diverse group, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive genera. None of them make resting structures like exospores and cyst and none of them have the complex intracellular membrane systems that characterize methanotrophs growing on methane

There are two sub groups: 1- obligate methylotrophs. 2- facultative methylotrophs.

Obligate methylotrophs

A single obligate methylotroph (methylophilus) is known. It is Gram-negative, polarly flagellated rod capable of rapid growth with methanol. Some strains can also utilize formaldehyde or methylamines. Carbon is assimilated via the ribulose mono phosphate pathway.

Facultative methylotrophs

It is relatively widely distributed trait among heterotrophic bacteria. It may also be common among chemoautotrophs: several thiobacilli and nitrifying bacteria can drive CO₂ assimilation via the Calvin-Benson cycle by formate oxidation.

Examples of methylotrophs:

Genus Methanosarcina
Methylococcus capsulatus
Pichia pastoris

References

^ Anthony, C. "The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs". Academic press, 1982, p. 2-3

English Journal

Lipidome and proteome of lipid droplets from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris.

Ivashov VA, Grillitsch K, Koefeler H, Leitner E, Baeumlisberger D, Karas M, Daum G.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Feb;1831(2):282-90. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.017. Epub 2012 Oct 4.
Lipid droplets (LD) are the main depot of non-polar lipids in all eukaryotic cells. In the present study we describe isolation and characterization of LD from the industrial yeast Pichia pastoris. We designed and adapted an isolation procedure which allowed us to obtain this subcellular fraction at
PMID 23041514

Expression of 4kD scorpion defensin and its in vitro synergistic activity with conventional antibiotics.

Niu M, Li X, Gong Q, Wang C, Qin C, Wang W, Chen P.SourceFood and Bioengineering College, He'nan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, He'nan, People's Republic of China, mingfuniu2004@yahoo.com.cn.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2013 Feb;29(2):281-8. doi: 10.1007/s11274-012-1181-4. Epub 2012 Sep 30.
The 4kD scorpion defensin (SD) is a potent disulfide-linked peptide. In this study, we expressed it in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified it using Ni-NTA His Bind Resin. We investigated its in vitro antibacterial activity and effect in combination with several conventional antibiotics
PMID 23054701

Virus-like particles displaying envelope domain III of dengue virus type 2 induce virus-specific antibody response in mice.

Arora U, Tyagi P, Swaminathan S, Khanna N.SourceRecombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2013 Jan 30;31(6):873-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.016. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
OBJECTIVE: Currently, dengue represents one of the most significant arboviral disease worldwide, for which a vaccine is not yet available. Persistent challenges in live viral dengue vaccines have sparked a keen interest in exploring non-replicating dengue vaccines. We have examined the feasibility o
PMID 23261049

Japanese Journal

Selection of suitably non-repressing carbon sources for expression of alcohol oxidase isozyme promoters in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica

Nakagawa Tomoyuki,Wakayama Keishi,Hayakawa Takashi
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 120(1), 41-44, 2015-07
NAID 40020537951

Yeast nitrogen utilization in the phyllosphere during plant lifespan under regulation of autophagy.

Shiraishi Kosuke,Oku Masahide,Kawaguchi Kosuke,Uchida Daichi,Yurimoto Hiroya,Sakai Yasuyoshi
Scientific reports 5, 2015-04-21
… Here we describe nitrogen metabolism and regulation of autophagy in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii, proliferating and surviving on the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. …
NAID 120005615631

メタノール資化酵母を用いた蛋白質異常凝集解離新規シャペロンの発現系の検討

櫻井一正,中田翔貴,豊増明博 [他],橘秀樹
近畿大学先端技術総合研究所紀要 (20), 31-41, 2015-03
… Since experiments for the structure–function relationships of a protein require an efficient expression system, we attempted to use the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris because of its ability of very high expression yield. …
NAID 120005608944