| Lipodystrophie |
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
Biochemical Genetics |
| ICD-10 |
E88.1 |
| ICD-9-CM |
272.6 |
| DiseasesDB |
30066 |
| eMedicine |
med/1307 med/3523 |
| MeSH |
D008060 |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Lipodystrophy is a disorder in which the body is unable to produce fat.[1][2] The medical condition is characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. ("Lipo" is Greek for "fat", and "dystrophy" is Greek for "abnormal or degenerative condition".) A more specific term, lipoatrophy, is used when describing the loss of fat from one area (usually the face). This condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating leptin which may lead to osteosclerosis.
Contents
- 1 Types
- 2 Insulin injections
- 3 Antiretroviral drugs
- 4 Hereditary forms
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Types
Lipodystrophy can be divided into the following types:[3]:495–7
- Congenital lipodystrophies
- Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (Beradinelli-Seip syndrome)
- Familial partial lipodystrophy
- Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
- Acquired lipodystrophy
- Acquired partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome)
- Acquired generalized lipodystrophy
- Centrifugal abdominal lipodystrophy (Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis infantilis)
- Lipoatrophia annularis (Ferreira-Marques lipoatrophia)
- Localized lipodystrophy
- HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Insulin injections
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Main article: Lipohypertrophy
A lipodystrophy can be a lump or small dent in the skin that forms when a person performs injections repeatedly in the same spot. These types of lipodystrophies are harmless and can be avoided by changing (rotating) the locations of injections. For those with diabetes, using purified insulins may also help.
One of the side-effects of lipodystrophy is the rejection of the injected medication, the slowing down of the absorption of the medication, or trauma that can cause bleeding that, in turn, will reject the medication. In any of these scenarios, the dosage of the medication, such as insulin for diabetics, becomes impossible to gauge correctly and the treatment of the disease for which the medication is administered is impaired, thereby allowing the medical condition to worsen.
In some cases, rotation of the injection sites may not be enough to prevent lipodystrophy.
Antiretroviral drugs
Main article: HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophies can be a possible side effect of antiretroviral drugs. Other lipodystrophies manifest as lipid redistribution, with excess, or lack of, fat in various regions of the body. These include, but are not limited to, having sunken cheeks and/or "humps" on the back or back of the neck (also referred to as buffalo hump)[4] which also exhibits due to excess cortisol. Lipoatrophy is most commonly seen in patients treated with thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [5] like zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T).[6]
Hereditary forms
Lipodystrophy can be caused by metabolic abnormalities due to genetic issues. These are often characterized by insulin resistance and are associated with metabolic syndrome.
See also
- Keppen–Lubinsky syndrome
- Lipoedema
References
- ^ Phan J, Reue K (2005). "Lipin, a lipodystrophy and obesity gene". Cell Metab. 1 (1): 73–83. PMID 16054046. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.002.
- ^ UCLA/VA Researchers discover fat gene
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Physical and Biochemical Changes in HIV Disease Eric S. Daar, M.D. MedicineNet, Accessed 22 September 2007
- ^ Carr A, Workman C, Smith DE, Hoy J, Hudson J, Doong N, Martin A, Amin J, Freund J, Law M, Cooper DA, Mitochondrial Toxicity (MITOX) Study, Group (Jul 10, 2002). "Abacavir substitution for nucleoside analogs in patients with HIV lipoatrophy: a randomized trial.". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 288 (2): 207–15. PMID 12095385. doi:10.1001/jama.288.2.207.
- ^ John, M; McKinnon, EJ; James, IR; Nolan, DA; Herrmann, SE; Moore, CB; White, AJ; Mallal, SA (May 1, 2003). "Randomized, controlled, 48-week study of switching stavudine and/or protease inhibitors to combivir/abacavir to prevent or reverse lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients.". Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 33 (1): 29–33. PMID 12792352. doi:10.1097/00126334-200305010-00005.
External links
- Lipodystrophy Patient Registry - register to learn from the community!
- DermAtlas 1847886158
- TheBody: The Lipoatrophy Resource Center
- Lipodystrophy United Patient Advocacy
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Inborn error of lipid metabolism: dyslipidemia (E78, 272.0–272.6)
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| Hyperlipidemia |
- Hypercholesterolemia/Hypertriglyceridemia
- Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/Type Ia
- Familial apoprotein CII deficiency/Type Ib
- Familial hypercholesterolemia/Type IIa
- Combined hyperlipidemia/Type IIb
- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia/Type III
- Familial hypertriglyceridemia/Type IV
- Xanthoma/Xanthomatosis
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| Hypolipoproteinemia |
| Hypoalphalipoproteinemia/HDL |
- Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
- Tangier disease
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| Hypobetalipoproteinemia/LDL |
- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Apolipoprotein B deficiency
- Chylomicron retention disease
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| Lipodystrophy |
- Barraquer–Simons syndrome
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| Other |
- Lipomatosis
- Adiposis dolorosa
- Lipoid proteinosis
- APOA1 familial renal amyloidosis
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Disorders of subcutaneous fat (M79.3, 729.3)
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| Panniculitis |
| Lobular |
- without vasculitis
- Cold
- Cytophagic histiocytic
- Factitial
- Gouty
- Pancreatic
- Traumatic
- needle-shaped clefts
- Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
- Sclerema neonatorum
- Post-steroid panniculitis
- Lipodermatosclerosis
- Weber–Christian disease
- Lupus erythematosus panniculitis
- Sclerosing lipogranuloma
- with vasculitis: Nodular vasculitis/Erythema induratum
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| Septal |
- without vasculitis: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis
- Erythema nodosum
- with vasculitis: Superficial thrombophlebitis
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| Lipodystrophy |
| Acquired |
- generalized: Acquired generalized lipodystrophy
- partial: Acquired partial lipodystrophy
- Centrifugal abdominal lipodystrophy
- HIV-associated lipodystrophy
- Lipoatrophia annularis
- localized: Localized lipodystrophy
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| Congenital |
- Congenital generalized lipodystrophy
- Familial partial lipodystrophy
- Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
- Poland syndrome
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