関: Marmota、woodchuck

WordNet

stocky coarse-furred burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail found throughout the northern hemisphere; hibernates in winter
marmots (同)genus Marmota
heavy-bodied yellowish-brown marmot of rocky areas of western North America (同)rockchuck, Marmota flaviventris
large North American mountain marmot (同)whistler, whistling marmot, Marmota caligata

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マーモット(北半球に分布する体重3‐7.5kgのリス科のげっ歯類の動物;日本でいうモルモットはguinea pig)
マーモット(marmot)(北米産のヤマネズミの一種)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/08 13:17:05」(JST)

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For other uses, see Marmot (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Marmoset.

Marmots are large ground squirrels in the genus Marmota, of which there are 15 species. Those most often referred to as marmots tend to live in mountainous areas, such as the Alps, northern Apennines, Eurasian steppes, Carpathians, Tatras, and Pyrenees in Europe and northwestern Asia; the Rocky Mountains, Black Hills, Cascades, Pacific Ranges, and Sierra Nevada in North America; and the Deosai Plateau in Pakistan and Ladakh in India. The groundhog, however, is also sometimes called a marmot, while the similarly sized, but more social, prairie dog is not classified in the genus Marmota but in the related genus Cynomys.

Marmots typically live in burrows (often within rockpiles, particularly in the case of the yellow-bellied marmot), and hibernate there through the winter. Most marmots are highly social and use loud whistles to communicate with one another, especially when alarmed.

Marmots mainly eat greens and many types of grasses, berries, lichens, mosses, roots and flowers.

Subgenera and species[edit]

The following is a list of all Marmota species recognized by Thorington and Hoffman^[1]plus the recently defined M. kastschenkoi.^[2] They divide marmots into two subgenera.

Genus Marmota – marmots
- Subgenus Marmota
  - Alpine marmot, M. marmota found only in Europe in the Alps, northern Apennines in Italy, Carpathians, Tatras, and reintroduced in the Pyrenees
  - Forest-steppe marmot, M. kastschenkoi found in south Russia^[2]
  - Gray marmot or Altai marmot, M. baibacina found in Siberia
  - Bobak marmot, M. bobak found from central Europe to central Asia
  - Alaska marmot, Brower's marmot, or Brooks Range marmot, M. broweri found in Alaska
  - Black-capped marmot, M. camtschatica found in eastern Siberia
  - Long-tailed marmot, golden marmot, or red marmot, M. caudata found in central Asia
  - Himalayan marmot or Tibetan snow pig, M. himalayana found in the Himalayas
  - Menzbier's marmot, M. menzbieri found in central Asia
  - Groundhog, woodchuck, or whistlepig, M. monax found in most of North America
  - Tarbagan marmot, Mongolian marmot, or tarvaga, M. sibirica found in Siberia
- Subgenus Petromarmota
  - Hoary marmot, M. caligata found in northwestern North America (Canada and Alaska)
  - Yellow-bellied marmot, M. flaviventris found in southwestern Canada and western United States
  - Olympic marmot, M. olympus endemic to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA
  - Vancouver Island marmot, M. vancouverensis endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Additionally, four extinct species of marmot are recognized from the fossil record:

†Marmota arizonae, Arizona, U.S.
†Marmota minor, Nevada, U.S.
†Marmota robusta, China
†Marmota vestus, Nebraska, U.S.

History and etymology[edit]

Marmota primigenia fossil

Marmots have been known since antiquity. Research by the French ethnologist Michel Peissel claimed the story of "gold-digging ants" reported by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, was founded on the golden Himalayan marmot of the Deosai Plateau and the habit of local tribes such as the Minaro to collect the gold dust excavated from their burrows.^[3]

The etymology of the term "marmot" is uncertain. It may have arisen from the Gallo-Romance prefix marm-, meaning to mumble or murmur (an example of onomatopoeia). Another possible origin is post-classical Latin, mus montanus, meaning "mountain mouse".^[4]

Beginning in 2010, Alaska celebrates February 2 as "Marmot Day", a holiday intended to observe the prevalence of marmots in that state and take the place of Groundhog Day.^[5]

Examples of species[edit]

Yellow-bellied Marmot in Yosemite National Park
A yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris), near Princeton, British Columbia
Groundhog, (Marmota monax), Ottawa, Ontario
A hoary marmot (Marmota caligata), Mt. Rainier National Park
Alpine marmot in the Massif des Écrins, southern France
Drawing of bobak marmot (Marmota bobak)
Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus)
Black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica)
Golden marmot (Marmota caudata), Pakistan
Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayanus), Bhutan
Grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Altai Mountains, Kazakhstan
Tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica), Russia and Mongolia

References[edit]

^ Thorington, R. W., Jr., and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. "Family Sciuridae". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, pp. 754–818. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
^ ^a ^b Brandler, OV (2003). "On species status of the forest-steppe marmot Marmota kastschenkoi (Rodentia, Marmotinae)". Zoologičeskij žurnal 82 (12): 1498–1505.
^ Peissel, Michel. "The Ants' Gold: The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas". Collins, 1984. ISBN 978-0-00-272514-9.
^ "Marmot". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
^ The Associated Press. "Alaska to Celebrate its First Marmot Day", Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Feb. 1, 2010. Accessed Feb. 1, 2010.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marmot.

The Marmot Burrow
International Marmot Network

English Journal

Association of walking speed in late midlife with mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study.

Elbaz A, Sabia S, Brunner E, Shipley M, Marmot M, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A.SourceINSERM, U708, Neuroepidemiology, 75013, Paris, France, alexis.elbaz@upmc.fr.
Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands).Age (Dordr).2013 Jun;35(3):943-52. doi: 10.1007/s11357-012-9387-9. Epub 2012 Feb 24.
Slow walking speed is associated with increased mortality in the elderly, but it is unknown whether a similar association is present in late midlife. Our aim was to examine walking speed in late midlife as a predictor of mortality, as well as factors that may explain this association. Data are drawn
PMID 22361996

Sex-specific senescence in body mass of a monogamous and monomorphic mammal: the case of Alpine marmots.

Tafani M, Cohas A, Bonenfant C, Gaillard JM, Lardy S, Allainé D.SourceUniversité de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
Oecologia.Oecologia.2013 Jun;172(2):427-36. doi: 10.1007/s00442-012-2499-1. Epub 2012 Dec 7.
Sex-specific senescence has been commonly reported in highly dimorphic and polygynous species. However, whether between-sex differences in senescence occur in monogamous and monomorphic species is poorly known. In this study, we used an extensive dataset of 20 years of mass measurements on free-ran
PMID 23224789

Job Strain and Health-Related Lifestyle: Findings From an Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis of 118 000 Working Adults.

Heikkilä K, Fransson EI, Nyberg ST, Zins M, Westerlund H, Westerholm P, Virtanen M, Vahtera J, Suominen S, Steptoe A, Salo P, Pentti J, Oksanen T, Nordin M, Marmot MG, Lunau T, Ladwig KH, Koskenvuo M, Knutsson A, Kittel F, Jöckel KH, Goldberg M, Erbel R, Dragano N, Debacquer D, Clays E, Casini A, Alfredsson L, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, Batty GD, Kivimäki M.SourceKatriina Heikkilä, Solja T. Nyberg, Marianna Virtanen, and Mika Kivimäki are with the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki. Eleonor I. Fransson is with the School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping. Lars Alfredsson is with the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Marie Zins, Marcel Goldberg, and Archana Singh-Manoux are with the Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France. Hugo Westerlund is with the Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Peter Westerholm is with the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Jussi Vahtera, Paula Salo, Jaana Pentti, and Tuula Oksanen are with the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Turku. Sakari Suominen is with the Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Andrew Steptoe, Michael G. Marmot, and Jane E. Ferrie are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. Maria Nordin is with the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Thorsten Lunau and Nico Dragano are with the Department of Medical Sociology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. Karl-Heinz Ladwig is with the German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich. Markku Koskenvuo is with the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Anders Knutsson is with the Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall. France Kittel and Annalisa Casini are with the School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Karl-Heinz Jöckel is with the Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Raimund Erbel is with the Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen. Dirk DeBacquer and Els Clays are with the Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. G. David Batty is with the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
American journal of public health.Am J Public Health.2013 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Objectives. We examined the associations of job strain, an indicator of work-related stress, with overall unhealthy and healthy lifestyles. Methods. We conducted a meta-analysis of individual-level data from 11 European studies (cross-sectional data: n = 118 701; longitudinal data: n = 43�
PMID 23678931

South Asians and coronary disease: is there discordance between effects on incidence and prognosis?

Zaman MJ, Philipson P, Chen R, Farag A, Shipley M, Marmot MG, Timmis AD, Hemingway H.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK; justin.zaman@nhs.net.
Heart (British Cardiac Society).Heart.2013 May;99(10):729-36. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302925. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the effect of South Asian ethnicity differs between studies of incidence and prognosis of coronary disease.DESIGN: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis, and cohort analysis from a national acute coronary syndrome (ACS) registry linked to mortality (National
PMID 23406688

Japanese Journal

Characteristics of Himalayan Marmots and Their Response to an Atherogenic Diet

LI Yafeng,WANG Zhongdong,TAO Yuanqing [他],FAN Wei,LI Meng,HUANG Bingqiao,ZHAO Sihai,FAN Jianglin,LIU Enqi
Experimental animals 61(4), 461-466, 2012-07-01
… The purpose of the present study was to characterize Himalayan marmot lipoprotein profiles and investigate their response to an atherogenic diet. …
NAID 10030800637

傍脊柱筋を展開しない腰椎後方除圧術 : Marmot 変法

川上守,中尾慎一,福井大輔,延與良夫,中根康博,杉浦剛
中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌. 中部日本整形外科災害外科学会抄録 54(3), 543-544, 2011-05-01
NAID 10029072404

数理細胞モデルからの心筋細胞収縮力を用いた左心室流れ解析(生体(3),一般講演)

熊畑清,松田健朗,天野晃,松澤照男
日本流体力学会年会講演論文集 2008, 409, 2008-09-04
… To understand the flow in the heart, we develop heart model consisting with the left atrium, the left ventricle and the aorta and applied the fluid-structure interaction of the heart using cardiomyocyte contraction force computed from the mathematical marmot cardiomiocytc model "Kyoto Model" on the cell function simulator "simBio" developed by "Cell/Biodynamics Simulation Project" in Kyoto Univ. …
NAID 110008459704

日本人の長寿についての再考[含英語文] (特集健康格差と保健医療政策)

Marmot Michael,Bell Ruth
保健医療科学 56(2), 106-113, 2007-06-00
NAID 40015643412

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Marmota」「マーモット」「woodchuck」

「Marmota」

Marmot; Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent
	Yellow-Bellied Marmot in Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Subfamily:	Xerinae
Tribe:	Marmotini
Genus:	Marmota; Blumenbach, 1779
Species
	15, see text