関: marmot、woodchuck

WordNet

marmots (同)genus Marmota
stocky coarse-furred burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail found throughout the northern hemisphere; hibernates in winter

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マーモット(北半球に分布する体重3‐7.5kgのリス科のげっ歯類の動物;日本でいうモルモットはguinea pig)
マーモット(marmot)(北米産のヤマネズミの一種)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/22 15:36:10」(JST)

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For other uses, see Marmot (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Marmoset.

Marmots are large ground squirrels in the genus Marmota, of which there are 15 species. Those most often referred to as marmots tend to live in mountainous areas, such as the Alps, northern Apennines, Eurasian steppes, Carpathians, Tatras, and Pyrenees in Europe and northwestern Asia; the Rocky Mountains, Black Hills, Cascades, Pacific Ranges, and Sierra Nevada in North America; and the Deosai Plateau in Pakistan and Ladakh in India. The groundhog, however, is also sometimes called a marmot, while the similarly sized, but more social, prairie dog is not classified in the genus Marmota but in the related genus Cynomys.

Marmots typically live in burrows (often within rockpiles, particularly in the case of the yellow-bellied marmot), and hibernate there through the winter. Most marmots are highly social and use loud whistles to communicate with one another, especially when alarmed.

Marmots mainly eat greens and many types of grasses, berries, lichens, mosses, roots and flowers.

Subgenera and species

The following is a list of all Marmota species recognized by Thorington and Hoffman^[1]plus the recently defined M. kastschenkoi.^[2] They divide marmots into two subgenera.

Genus Marmota – marmots
- Subgenus Marmota
  - Alpine marmot, M. marmota found only in Europe in the Alps, northern Apennines in Italy, Carpathians, Tatras, and reintroduced in the Pyrenees
  - Forest-steppe marmot, M. kastschenkoi found in south Russia^[2]
  - Gray marmot or Altai marmot, M. baibacina found in Siberia
  - Bobak marmot, M. bobak found from central Europe to central Asia
  - Alaska marmot, Brower's marmot, or Brooks Range marmot, M. broweri found in Alaska
  - Black-capped marmot, M. camtschatica found in eastern Siberia
  - Long-tailed marmot, golden marmot, or red marmot, M. caudata found in central Asia
  - Himalayan marmot or Tibetan snow pig, M. himalayana found in the Himalayas
  - Menzbier's marmot, M. menzbieri found in central Asia
  - Groundhog, woodchuck, or whistlepig, M. monax found in most of North America
  - Tarbagan marmot, Mongolian marmot, or tarvaga, M. sibirica found in Siberia
- Subgenus Petromarmota
  - Hoary marmot, M. caligata found in northwestern North America (Canada and Alaska)
  - Yellow-bellied marmot, M. flaviventris found in southwestern Canada and western United States
  - Olympic marmot, M. olympus endemic to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA
  - Vancouver Island marmot, M. vancouverensis endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Additionally, four extinct species of marmot are recognized from the fossil record:

†Marmota arizonae, Arizona, U.S.
†Marmota minor, Nevada, U.S.
†Marmota robusta, China
†Marmota vestus, Nebraska, U.S.

History and etymology

Marmota primigenia fossil

Marmots have been known since antiquity. Research by the French ethnologist Michel Peissel claimed the story of "gold-digging ants" reported by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, was founded on the golden Himalayan marmot of the Deosai Plateau and the habit of local tribes such as the Minaro to collect the gold dust excavated from their burrows.^[3]

The etymology of the term "marmot" is uncertain. It may have arisen from the Gallo-Romance prefix marm-, meaning to mumble or murmur (an example of onomatopoeia). Another possible origin is post-classical Latin, mus montanus, meaning "mountain mouse".^[4]

Beginning in 2010, Alaska celebrates February 2 as "Marmot Day", a holiday intended to observe the prevalence of marmots in that state and take the place of Groundhog Day.^[5]

Examples of species

Yellow-bellied Marmot in Yosemite National Park
A yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris), near Princeton, British Columbia
Groundhog, (Marmota monax), Ottawa, Ontario
A hoary marmot (Marmota caligata), Mt. Rainier National Park
Alpine marmot in the Massif des Écrins, southern France
Drawing of bobak marmot (Marmota bobak)
Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus)
Black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica)
Golden marmot (Marmota caudata), Pakistan
Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayanus), Bhutan
Grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Altai Mountains, Kazakhstan
Tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica), Russia and Mongolia

References

^ Thorington, R. W., Jr., and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. "Family Sciuridae". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, pp. 754–818. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
^ ^a ^b Brandler, OV (2003). "On species status of the forest-steppe marmot Marmota kastschenkoi (Rodentia, Marmotinae)". Zoologičeskij žurnal 82 (12): 1498–1505.
^ Peissel, Michel. "The Ants' Gold: The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas". Collins, 1984. ISBN 978-0-00-272514-9.
^ "Marmot". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
^ The Associated Press. "Alaska to Celebrate its First Marmot Day", Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Feb. 1, 2010. Accessed Feb. 1, 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marmot.

The Marmot Burrow
International Marmot Network

English Journal

Fatal Combined Infection With Canine Distemper Virus and Orthopoxvirus in a Group of Asian Marmots (Marmota caudata).

Origgi FC, Sattler U, Pilo P, Waldvogel AS.SourceVetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Veterinary pathology.Vet Pathol.2013 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]
A fatal combined infection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and orthopoxvirus (OPXV) in Asian marmots (Marmota caudata) is reported in this article. A total of 7 Asian marmots from a small zoological garden in Switzerland were found dead in hibernation during a routine check in the winter of 2011.
PMID 23381928

Sex-specific senescence in body mass of a monogamous and monomorphic mammal: the case of Alpine marmots.

Tafani M, Cohas A, Bonenfant C, Gaillard JM, Lardy S, Allainé D.SourceUniversité de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
Oecologia.Oecologia.2012 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Sex-specific senescence has been commonly reported in highly dimorphic and polygynous species. However, whether between-sex differences in senescence occur in monogamous and monomorphic species is poorly known. In this study, we used an extensive dataset of 20 years of mass measurements on free-ran
PMID 23224789

Hibernation of the black-capped marmot Marmota camtschatica with body temperatures of 0 and -1°C.

Anufriev AI, Solomonov NG, Yadrikhinskii VF, Okhlopkov IM.SourceAmmosov Northeastern Federal University, ul. Belinskogo 58, Yakutsk, 677891, Russia, anufry@ibpc.ysn.ru.
Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections / translated from Russian.Dokl Biol Sci.2012 Nov-Dec;447(1):381-5. doi: 10.1134/S0012496612060105. Epub 2013 Jan 6.
PMID 23292476

Japanese Journal

Effects of disturbance by Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica) on spatial heterogeneity of vegetation at multiple spatial scales

YOSHIHARA Yu,OHKURO Toshiya,BAYARBAATAR Buuveibaatar,TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko
Grassland science 55(2), 89-95, 2009-06-01
NAID 10025361365

マーモット (Marmota monax) における口腔内平滑筋肉腫(短報)(病理学)

KANG Byeong Cheol,JANG Dong Deuk,LEE Sang Koo
The journal of veterinary medical science 67(3), 353-355, 2005-03-25
… 硬口蓋に白色, 限界明瞭な硬腫瘤を示した4歳齢の雌マーモット(Marmota monax)の症例について報告する.腫瘤は口腔内まで及んでいたが, 周囲の組織からは明らかに隔離されていた.腫瘤組織は, 分化や密度が異なった多形紡錘形細胞からなる悪性間葉系腫瘍であった.腫瘍細胞は中等度の顆粒状ないし線維状の好酸性細胞質を有し, 細胞境界は不明瞭であった.核は卵形から長隋円形で, しばしば核端が丸くなっており, …
NAID 110003963734

「マーモット属」

Marmot; Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent
	Yellow-Bellied Marmot in Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Subfamily:	Xerinae
Tribe:	Marmotini
Genus:	Marmota; Blumenbach, 1779
Species
	15, see text