adj.

溶解性の、溶菌性の

n.

溶解薬

関: bacteriolytic、solubility、soluble

WordNet

susceptible of solution or of being solved or explained; "the puzzle is soluble"
(of a substance) capable of being dissolved in some solvent (usually water)
the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution)
the quality of being soluble and easily dissolved in liquid
of or relating to or causing bacteriolysis

PrepTutorEJDIC

溶解できる / 解決できる
溶解性;溶解度

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/21 20:31:19」(JST)

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Lytic cycle, compared to lysogenic cycle

The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral replication, since it results in the destruction of the infected cell.^{[citation needed]} A key difference between the lytic and lysogenic phage cycles is that in the lytic phage, the viral DNA exists as a separate molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA. The location of viral DNA in the lysogenic phage cycle is within the host DNA, therefore in both cases the virus/phage replicates using the host DNA machinery, but in the lytic phage cycle, the phage is a free floating separate molecule to the host DNA.

Description

Viruses of the lytic cycle are called virulent viruses. The lytic cycle is a six-stage cycle. In the first stage, called "penetration," the virus injects its own nucleic acids into a host cell. Then the viral acids form a circle in the center of the cell. The cell then mistakenly copies the viral acids instead of its own nucleic acids. Then the viral DNA organize themselves as viruses inside the cell. When the number of viruses inside becomes too much for the cell to hold, the membrane splits and the viruses are free to infect other cells.

Penetration

To infect a cell, a virus must first enter the cell through the plasma membrane and (if present) the cell wall. Viruses do so by either attaching to a receptor on the cell's surface or by simple mechanical force. The virus then releases its genetic material (either single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) into the cell. In doing this, the cell is infected and can also be targeted by the immune system.

Biosynthesis

The virus' nucleic acid uses the host cell’s machinery to make large amounts of viral components. In the case of DNA viruses, the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then used to direct the cell's ribosomes. One of the first polypeptides to be translated destroys the host's DNA. In retroviruses (which inject an RNA strand), a unique enzyme called reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral RNA into DNA, which is then transcribed again into RNA.

The biosynthesis is (e.g. T4) regulated in three phases of mRNA production followed by a phase of protein production.^[1]

Gene regulation biochemistry

There are three classes of genes in the phage genome that regulate whether the lytic or lysogenic cycles will emerge. The first are the immediate early genes, the second is the delayed early genes and the third is the late genes.

1) Immediate Early Genes: These genes code for two transcription factors: N and cro. N is an anti-termination factor that is needed for the transcription of the delayed early genes. cro has two functions. The first function is to repress the activity of the repressor that is needed to go into lysogeny. Note that a repressor coded by the CI gene is needed to repress the lytic cycle from taking place. The second function of cro is to initiate the transcription of the late genes needed for the lytic cycle to go to completion.

2) Delayed Early Genes: The immediate early gene N is required to express the delayed early genes. In lytic cells, the delayed early gene which is most important is Q. These genes are also used to express late genes.

3) Late Genes:

The Repressor: The repressor is needed to repress the lytic cycle for lysogeny to proceed. It has 2 N domains that bind the DNA via a helix turn helix motif and 2 C domains that dimerize to stabilize the protein.

Early phase: Enzymes involved to modify the hosts DNA replication by RNA polymerase. Amongst other modifications, virus T4 changes the sigma factor of the host by producing an anti-sigma factor so that the host promotors are not recognized any more but now recognize T4 middle proteins.

Middle phase: Virus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA depending on virus type).

Late phase: Structural proteins including those for the head and the tail.

Maturation and lysis

After many copies of viral components are made, they are assembled into complete viruses. The phage then directs production of an enzyme that breaks down the bacteria cell wall and allows fluid to enter. The cell eventually becomes filled with viruses (typically 100-200) and liquid, and bursts, or lyses; thus giving the lytic cycle its name. The new viruses are then free to infect other cells.

Lytic cycle without lysis

Some viruses escape the host cell without bursting the cell membrane, but rather bud off from it by taking a portion of the membrane with them. Because it otherwise is characteristic of the lytic cycle in other steps, it still belongs to this category, although it is sometimes named the Productive Cycle. HIV, influenza and other viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms generally use this method.

References

^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨転移を有する成人患者の疫学、臨床所見、診断、およびマネージメントの概要 overview of the epidemiology clinical presentation diagnosis and management of adult patients with bone metastasis
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5. 多発性骨髄腫患者のビスフォスフォネート製剤の使用 the use of bisphosphonates in patients with multiple myeloma

English Journal

Radio-responsive tumors exhibit greater intratumoral immune activity than nonresponsive tumors.

Gerber SA1, Lim JY, Connolly KA, Sedlacek AL, Barlow ML, Murphy SP, Egilmez NK, Lord EM.Author information 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.AbstractRadiation therapy (RT) continues to be a cornerstone in the treatment for many cancers. Unfortunately, not all individuals respond effectively to RT resulting clinically in two groups consisting of nonresponders (progressive disease) and responders (tumor control/cure). The mechanisms that govern the outcome of radiotherapy are poorly understood. Interestingly, a new paradigm has emerged demonstrating that the immune system mediates many of the antitumor effects of RT. Therefore, we hypothesized that the immune response following RT may dictate the efficacy of treatment. To examine this, we developed a tumor model that mirrors this clinically relevant phenomenon in which mice bearing Colon38, a colon adenocarcinoma, were treated locally with 15Gy RT resulting in both nonresponders and responders. More importantly, we were able to distinguish responders from nonresponders as early as 4 days post-RT allowing for the unique opportunity to identify critical events that ultimately determined the effectiveness of therapy. Intratumoral immune cells and interferon-gamma were increased in responsive tumors and licensed CD8 T cells to exhibit lytic activity against tumor cells, a response that was diminished in tumors refractory to RT. Combinatorial treatment with RT and the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-12 resulted in complete remission of cancer in 100% of cases compared to a cure rate of only 12% with RT alone. Similar data were obtained when IL-12 was delivered by microspheres. Therefore, the efficacy of RT may depend on the strength of the immune response induced after radiotherapy. Additionally, immunotherapy that further stimulates the immune cells may enhance the effectiveness of RT.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 May 15;134(10):2383-92. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28558. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
Radiation therapy (RT) continues to be a cornerstone in the treatment for many cancers. Unfortunately, not all individuals respond effectively to RT resulting clinically in two groups consisting of nonresponders (progressive disease) and responders (tumor control/cure). The mechanisms that govern th
PMID 24154990

Type dependent patterns of human adenovirus persistence in human T-lymphocyte cell lines.

Markel D1, Lam E, Harste G, Darr S, Ramke M, Heim A.Author information 1Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.AbstractDisseminated adenovirus infections cause significant mortality in stem cell transplanted patients and are suspected to originate from asymptomatic adenovirus persistence ("latency") in lymphocytes. The infection of three human T-lymphocyte lines (Jurkat, PM1, and CEM) with human adenovirus types of species A (HAdV-A31), B (HAdV-B3, -B11), and C (HAdV-C2, -C5) was investigated for 150 days in order to establish in vitro models for adenovirus persistence. HAdV-C5 persisted with continuous production of infectious virus progeny (about 10(7) TCID50 /ml) in PM1 cells. More than 100 copies of HAdV-C5-DNA per cell were detected by real-time PCR but hexon immunostaining showed that only 7.5% of the cells were infected ("carrier state infection"). Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression was decreased in comparison to mock infected cultures suggesting selection of a semi-permissive subpopulation of PM-1 cells. By contrast, latency of HAdV-DNA (10(-3) -10(-4) copies/cell) without production of infectious virus progeny was observed in HAdV-C2 infection of PM1 and Jurkat, HAdV-A31 infection of PM1, and HAdV-B3 infection of Jurkat cells. In addition, transcription of E1A, DNA polymerase and hexon mRNA was not detected by RT-PCR suggesting an equivalent of clinical "HAdV latency." Persistence of HAdV-DNA was not observed in abortive infections of PM1 cells with HAdV-B3 and -B11 and in productive, lytical infections of Jurkat cells with HAdV-C5, HAdV-B11, and HAdV-A31. In conclusion, lytic and persistent infections with and without production of infectious virus were observed depending on the type of adenovirus. Genetic determinants for viral persistence may be investigated using these newly established infection models. J. Med. Virol. 86:785-794, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 May;86(5):785-94. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23736. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Disseminated adenovirus infections cause significant mortality in stem cell transplanted patients and are suspected to originate from asymptomatic adenovirus persistence ("latency") in lymphocytes. The infection of three human T-lymphocyte lines (Jurkat, PM1, and CEM) with human adenovirus types of
PMID 24026974

Intracortical schwannoma of the femur.

Wang XJ1, Hartley K, Holt GE, Fadare O, Cates JM.Author information 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, xuan.j.wang@vanderbilt.edu.AbstractSchwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors most commonly found in soft tissue. Intraosseous schwannomas are rare, and account for <0.2 % of primary bone tumors. The typical radiologic findings, a lytic lesion with a thin peripheral rim of sclerosis, are nonspecific. In all reviewed case reports, the diagnosis was made only after microscopic examination. Among previously described intraosseous schwannomas, there have been no reports of tumors arising within cortical bone. It is important to note that while schwannomas are benign tumors, they can be misdiagnosed clinically and radiographically can be potentially mistaken for metastases or other serious skeletal diseases such as osteomyelitis. Tissue sampling is critical for definitive diagnosis as well as to avoid unnecessary treatment. We present the first reported case of an intracortical schwannoma in a 42-year-old man who presented with an incidental radiographic lesion of the diaphyseal femoral cortex.
Skeletal radiology.Skeletal Radiol.2014 May;43(5):687-91. doi: 10.1007/s00256-013-1758-5. Epub 2013 Nov 10.
Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors most commonly found in soft tissue. Intraosseous schwannomas are rare, and account for <0.2 % of primary bone tumors. The typical radiologic findings, a lytic lesion with a thin peripheral rim of sclerosis, are nonspecific. In all reviewed case reports,
PMID 24213555

Japanese Journal

多発性骨髄腫の治療抵抗性獲得において接着分子が果たす役割

今井陽一/泉二登志子
東京女子医科大学雑誌 83(E2), E465-E469, 2013-03-31
多発性骨髄腫は造血組織のなかでも形質細胞を起源とする腫瘍であり、貧血や溶骨病変の出現など多彩な症状を呈する。自家造血幹細胞移植の導入や新規治療薬の出現で治療反応性が改善しているが、依然多くの治療抵抗症例や治療に反応しても再発する症例が存在する難治性疾患である。この治療抵抗性の獲得に、骨髄腫細胞に発現する接着分子が重要な役割を果たすことが示唆されている。cell adhesion-mediated …
NAID 110009575053

Quantitative analysis of the lytic cycle of WO phages infecting Wolbachia

Furukawa Seiichi,Tanaka Kohjiro,Ikeda Takashi [他]
Applied entomology and zoology 47(4), 449-456, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019495948

Roles of Cell Signaling Pathways in Cell-to-Cell Contact-Mediated Epstein-Barr Virus Transmission

Nanbo Asuka,Terada Haruna,Kachi Kunihiro,Takada Kenzo,Matsuda Tadashi
Journal of Virology 86(17), 9285-9296, 2012-09-00
… Here, we establish a novel assay to assess cell-to-cell contact-mediated EBV transmission by co-culturing an EBV-infected BL cell line with an EBV-negative epithelial cell line under the stimulation for lytic cycle induction. … The inhibitor treatments of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways blocked EBV transmission in addition to lytic induction. …
NAID 120005228242

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「溶解性」「soluble」「溶菌性」「solubility」「溶解薬」
拡張検索	「bacteriolytic」「mucolytic」「mucolytic agent」「histolyticum」