lung adenocarcinoma

肺腺癌

WordNet

1. either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
2. malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium (同)glandular cancer, glandular_carcinoma

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《しばしば複数形で》『肺』,肺臓

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/07 14:56:18」(JST)

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Adenocarcinoma
Classification and external resources
Micrograph of an adenocarcinoma showing mucin containing vacuoles. Pap test.
ICD-9	151.0, 182.0
ICD-O:	M8140/3
MeSH	D000230

Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue includes, but is not limited to, the surface layer of skin, glands and a variety of other tissue that lines the cavities and organs of the body. Epithelium can be derived embryologically from ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm. To be classified as Adenocarcinoma, the cells do not necessarily need to be part of a gland, as long as they have secretory properties. Well differentiated adenocarcinomas tend to resemble the glandular tissue that they are derived from, while poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas may not. By staining the cells from a biopsy, a pathologist can determine whether the tumor is an adenocarcinoma or some other type of cancer. Adenocarcinomas can arise in many tissues of the body due to the ubiquitous nature of glands within the body. While each gland may not be secreting the same substance, as long as there is an exocrine function to the cell, it is considered glandular and its malignant form is therefore named adenocarcinoma. Endocrine gland tumors, such as a VIPoma, an insulinoma, a pheochromocytoma, etc., are typically not referred to as adenocarcinomas, but rather, are often called neuroendocrine tumors. If the glandular tissue is abnormal, but benign, it is said to be an adenoma. Benign adenomas typically do not invade other tissue and rarely metastasize. Malignant adenocarcinomas invade other tissues and often metastasize given enough time to do so.

Diagnostic significance

A diagnosis of adenocarcinoma which is not further described, known as adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified or adenocarcinoma NOS, is significant because it displays when a cancerous process is present. However, it is not very useful for treatment decisions and prognosis, as these are determined by the tissue from which the tumour cells arose, i.e. the tissue of origin; an adenocarcinoma of the colon has a different prognosis and treatment than an adenocarcinoma of the ovary.

Adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified is often a preliminary diagnosis and can frequently be clarified by a pathologist with the use of immunohistochemistry.

Cancer for which a primary site cannot be found is called cancer of unknown primary.

Histopathology

Examples of tissues where adenocarcinomas may arise:

Colon

Gross appearance of a colectomy specimen containing two adenomatous polyps (the brownish oval tumors above the labels, attached to the normal beige lining by a stalk) and one invasive colorectal carcinoma (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly-shaped tumor located above the label).

Histopathologic image of colonic carcinoid stained by hematoxylin and eosin.

The vast majority of colorectal cancer is an adenocarcinoma. This is because the colon has numerous glands within the tissue. Normal colonic glands tend to be simple and tubular in appearance with a mixture of mucus secreting goblet cells and water absorbing cells. These glands are called glands because they secrete a substance into the lumen of the colon, this substance being mucus. The purpose of these glands are twofold. The first is to absorb water from the feces back into the blood. The second purpose is to secrete mucus into the colon lumen to lubricate the now dehydrated feces. This is crucial as a failure to lubricate the feces can result in colonic damage by the feces as it passes towards the rectum.

When these glands undergo a number of changes at the genetic level, they proceed in a predictable manner as they move from benign to an invasive, malignant colon cancer. In their research paper "Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer", Vogelstein, et al., suggested that colon cells lose the APC tumor suppressor gene and become a small polyp. Next, they suggested that k-Ras becomes activated and the polyp becomes a small, benign, adenoma. The adenoma, lacking the "carcinoma" attached to the end of it, suggests that it is a benign version of the malignant adenocarcinoma. The gastroenterologist uses a colonoscopy to find and remove these adenomas and polyps to prevent them from continuing to acquire genetic changes that will lead to an invasive adenocarcinoma. Volgelstein et al. went on to suggest that loss of the DCC gene and of p53 result in a malignant adenocarcinoma.

Grossly, one will see a mass that looks of a different color than the surrounding tissue. Bleeding from the tumor is often apparent as the tumor tends to grow blood vessels into it in a haphazard manner via secretion of a number of angiogenesis promoting factors such as VEGF. Histologically, tumours resembling original structures are classified as well differentiated. Tumour cells that lost any resemblance to original tissue, both in appearance and structure form, are denoted as poorly differentiated tumour cells. Regardless of the grade, malignant tumors tend to have a large nucleus with prominent nucleoli. There will also be a noticeable increase in the incidence of mitoses, or cell divisions.

Lung

Main article: Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is currently the most common type of lung cancer in lifelong non-smokers.

Urogenital

• Most cervical cancer is squamous cell cancer, but a sizeable minority of cervical cancers are adenocarcinomas.
• prostate
• urachus
• vagina

Other

• breast
• esophagus
• pancreas (≥90% of pancreatic cancers are ductal adenocarcinomas.)
• stomach
• throat

Etymology

The term adenocarcinoma is derived from 'adeno' meaning 'pertaining to a gland' and 'carcinoma', which describes a cancer that has developed in the epithelial cells.

See also

• Adenoma

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 肺悪性腫瘍の病理 pathology of lung malignancies
• 2. 肺癌が疑われる患者の初期評価、診断、および病期分類の概要 overview of the initial evaluation diagnosis and staging of patients with suspected lung cancer
• 3. ステージI～II非小細胞肺癌のマネージメント management of stage i and stage ii non small cell lung cancer
• 4. ステージIII非小細胞肺癌のマネージメント management of stage iii non small cell lung cancer
• 5. 細気管支肺胞上皮癌（上皮内腺癌） bronchioloalveolar carcinoma including adenocarcinoma in situ

English Journal

• Effect of heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism on cancer risk by histological subtype: A prospective study in arseniasis-endemic areas in Taiwan.

• Wu MM1,2, Lee CH3, Hsu LI4, Cheng WF2, Lee TC5, Wang YH6,7, Chiou HY1, Chen CJ4.
• International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Apr 15;138(8):1875-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29926. Epub 2015 Nov 28.
• Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is upregulated by many stressful stimuli, including arsenic. A GT-repeat ((GT)n) polymorphism in the HO-1 gene promoter inversely modulates the levels of HO-1 induction. Previous HO-1 (GT)n polymorphism studies in relation to cancer risk have shown disparate results. We prospec
• PMID 26566708

• 3D modeling of human cancer: A PEG-fibrin hydrogel system to study the role of tumor microenvironment and recapitulate the in vivo effect of oncolytic adenovirus.

• Del Bufalo F1, Manzo T2, Hoyos V2, Yagyu S2, Caruana I3, Jacot J4, Benavides O5, Rosen D6, Brenner MK2.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2016 Apr;84:76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.030. Epub 2016 Jan 20.
• Interactions between malignant and stromal cells and the 3D spatial architecture of the tumor both substantially modify tumor behavior, including the responses to small molecule drugs and biological therapies. Conventional 2D culture systems cannot replicate this complexity. To overcome these limita
• PMID 26826297

• Polygonatum odoratum lectin induces apoptosis and autophagy by regulation of microRNA-1290 and microRNA-15a-3p in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.

• Wu L1, Liu T1, Xiao Y1, Li X1, Zhu Y1, Zhao Y1, Bao J2, Wu C3.
• International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2016 Apr;85:217-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.014. Epub 2015 Nov 10.
• Polygonatum odoratum lectin (POL), a mannose-binding specific Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-related lectin has been reported with remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects against several tumor cells. Our previous research revealed that POL can induce apoptosis and autophagy
• PMID 26562549

Japanese Journal

• Secondary EML4–ALK-positive Lung Adenocarcinoma in a Patient Previously Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood: A Case Reportated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood: A Case Report

• Nakamura Yoichi,Taniguchi Hirokazu,Mizoguchi Kosuke,Ikeda Takaya,Motoshima Kohei,Yamaguchi Hiroyuki,Nagashima Seiji,Nakatomi Katsumi,Soda Manabu,Mano Hiroyuki,Kohno Shigeru
• Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 44(6), 593-596, 2014-06
• … A 33-year-old man who had been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and treated with chemotherapy almost 20 years earlier was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. … After chromosomal rearrangement of echinoderm microtubule- associated protein-like 4 gene and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene was detected in this adenocarcinoma, he responded to treatment with crizotinib. …
• NAID 120005457083

• Ki-67 is a strong prognostic marker of non-small cell lung cancer when tissue heterogeneity is considered

• Tabata Kazuhiro,Tanaka Tomonori,Hayashi Tomayoshi,Hori Takashi,Nunomura Sayuri,Yonezawa Suguru,Fukuoka Junya
• BMC Clinical Pathology 14(1), 23, 2014-05-13
• … 100 cases of resected lung cancer from Toyama university hospital archive were collected. … The HS of Ki-67 score in non-small cell lung cancer was 3 in 17 cases, 2 in 27 cases, 1 in 28 cases, 0 in 21 cases, and 4 reels were lost. … The results were identical when analyzing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, separately. …
• NAID 120005451798

• 研究・症例 左気胸により発見された完全内臓逆位に併発した原発性左下葉肺腺癌に対する肺葉切除の1例

• 廣野 素子,野中 誠,氷室 直哉 [他]
• 日本胸部臨床 73(5), 587-591, 2014-05
• NAID 40020092238

Related Links

• Adenocarcinoma of the lung - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a common histological form of lung cancer that contains certain distinct malignant tissue architectural, cytological, or molecular features, including gland and/or duct formation and/or production of significant ...

• Lung Adenocarcinoma – Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis

23 Mar 2013 ... Lung adenocarcinoma is a form of non-small cell lung cancer. What are the symptoms, treatments, and prognosis of this type of lung cancer?