WordNet

surgical removal of a stone (calculus)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/10 09:31:20」(JST)

wiki en

Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" (stone) and "tomos" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain hollow organs, such as the kidneys (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract. The procedure, which is usually performed by means of a surgical incision (therefore invasive), differs from lithotripsy, wherein the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), which is a non-invasive procedure.

History[edit]

Human beings have known of bladder stones ("vesical calculi") for thousands of years, and have attempted to treat them for almost as long. The oldest bladder stone that has been found was discovered in Egypt around 1900, and it has been dated to 4900 BC. The earliest written records describing bladder stones date to before the time of Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BC). However, lithotomy was a fairly common procedure in the past, and there were specialized lithotomists. The ancient Greek Hippocratic Oath includes the phrase: "I will not cut for stone, even for the patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners," a clear warning for physicians against the "cutting" of persons "laboring under the stone"; an act that was better left to surgeons (who were distinct from physicians at that time in history). Operations to remove bladder stones via the perineum, like other surgery before the invention of anesthesia, were intensely painful for the patient.^[1]

Ammonius, who practiced lithotomy in Alexandria circa 200 BC, acquired the surname Lithotomus from the instrument he developed for fragmenting stones too large to pass through a small perineal incision.^[2]^[3] His lithotomy scalpel was straight with an upper blunt edge enabling the thumb to apply pressure on it, while the lower edge was sharp, which enabled the operator to make a semicircular incision.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1st century), and the Hindu surgeon Susruta produced early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy. Paulus Aegineta 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician his Medical Compendium in Seven Books. This work contained a summary of medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Paulus' description of lithotomy closely follows that of Celsus.

Albucasis follows Paulus almost word for word but then describes a different sort of knife one that is "sharp on two sides" (Spinks and Lewis say it's difficult to reconcile the drawing of the knife to the procedure)^[1] Albucasis also adds using forceps instead of the scoop and chisel of Ammonius to break up the stone. Albucasis also uses a "drill" for stones impacted in the urethra, a technique not recorded earlier.^[1]

In the 16th century, Pierre Franco (1505–1578) was a pioneer in the suprapubic lithotomy method.^[4] Frère Jacques Beaulieu (also known as Frère Jacques Baulot^[5]^[6]) developed an operation that went in laterally to remove the bladder stones in the late 16th century. Beaulieu was a travelling lithotomist and a Dominican Friar, with scant knowledge of anatomy. Beaulieu performed the frequently deadly procedure in France into the late 16th century. A possible connection between the French nursery rhyme Frère Jacques and Frère Jacques Beaulieu, as claimed by Irvine Loudon^[7] and many others, was recently explored without finding any evidence for a connection.^[8]

Lithotomy was successfully performed by some practitioners in the 17th century, for example Johann Andreas Eisenbarth (1663–1727). Other important names in its historical development were Jean Zuléma Amussat (1796–1856), Auguste Nélaton (1807–1873), Henry Thompson(1820–1904) and William Cheselden (1688–1752). The latter invented a technique for lateral vesical stone lithotomy in 1727, whereupon he was said to perform the operation in about one minute (an important feat before anesthesia). French composer Marin Marais wrote "Tableau de l'opération de la taille" ("tableau of a Lithotomy") a musical description of the operation, in 1725.^[9]

In England, William Thornhill performed his first suprapubic operation on a boy privately on 3 Feb. 1722-3.^[10] The records of his work, published by his colleague, John Middleton, M.D., prove that his experience in the operation and his success were greater than any contemporary English surgeon could show.

Special surgical instruments were designed for lithotomy, consisting of dilators of the canal, forceps and tweezers, lithotomes (stone cutter) and cystotomes (bladder cutter), urethrotomes (for incisions of the urethra) and conductors, (grooved probes used as guides for stone extraction). The patient is placed in a special position in a lithotomy operating table, called the lithotomy position (which, curiously, retains this name until present for other unrelated medical procedures).

Transurethral lithotripsy, which was much simpler and with lower morbidity, complication and mortality rates, was invented by French surgeon Jean Civiale (1792–1867) and largely substituted for surgical lithotomy, unless the crushing of calculi was difficult or impossible.

Notable people who were stone formers[edit]

Portrait of Jan de Doot, by Carel van Savoyen, holding the bladder stone he removed from himself according to a 1652 account in the book Observationes Medicae by Nicolaes Tulp

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973). Albucasis on surgery and instruments. University of California Press. pp. 410–6. ISBN 978-0-520-01532-6.
^ Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1831). "Book VII, Chapter XXVI: Of the operation necessary in a suppression of urine, and lithotomy". In Collier, GF. A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine (2nd ed.). London: Simpkin and Marshall. pp. 306–14.
^ Riches, E (1968). "The history of lithotomy and lithotrity". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 43 (4): 185–99. PMC 2312308. PMID 4880647.
^ Androutsos G (2004). "[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century]". Prog Urol (in French) 14 (2): 255–9. PMID 15217153.
^ baulot Frère Jacques Baulot
^ Un célèbre lithotomiste franc-comtois: Jacques Baulot dit Frère Jacques (1651-1720), E. Bourdin, Besançon, 1917
^ Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western medicine: an illustrated history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924813-3.
^ Ganem JP, Carson CC (1999). "Frère Jacques Beaulieu: from rogue lithotomist to nursery rhyme character". J Urol 161 (4): 1067–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61591-X. PMID 10081839.
^ Evers S (1993). "[Tableau de l'opération de la taille by Marin Marais (1725)—a bladder calculus operation represented in music]". Urologe A (in German) 32 (3): 254–9. PMID 8511837.
^ http://www.thefullwiki.org/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_56.djvu/303
^ Ellis, H (1969). A History of Bladder Stone. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-06140-2.

External links[edit]

Lithotomy. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy.
Bladder Stones at eMedicine

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 骨盤手術に関連する神経損傷 nerve injury associated with pelvic surgery
2. Perioperative patient care issues in urogynecology
3. Techniques and devices for airway management for anesthesia: Supraglottic devices (including laryngeal mask airways)
4. Anesthesia for laparoscopic and abdominal robotic surgery in adults
5. 婦人科腹腔鏡下手術の概要および非経臍帯的進入 overview of gynecologic laparoscopic surgery and non umbilical entry sites

English Journal

Compartment syndrome following robotic-assisted prostatectomy: rhabdomyolysis in bone scintigraphy.

Yang RH, Chu YK, Huang CW.SourceFrom the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Clinical nuclear medicine.Clin Nucl Med.2013 May;38(5):365-6. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318286808e.
Major urologic surgery performed in the lithotomy position sometimes results in the serious complication of rhabdomyolysis. A 56-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for prostate adenocarcinoma. A whole-body bone scan was performed to exclude bony metastases, which demonstrated no bone lesions
PMID 23429389

A 12-year experience of the Trendelenburg perineal approach for abdominoperineal resection.

Toshniwal S, Perera M, Lloyd D, Nguyen H.SourceLaunceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
ANZ journal of surgery.ANZ J Surg.2013 Apr 17. doi: 10.1111/ans.12137. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The abdominoperineal resection (APR) is the current accepted surgical technique for low rectal cancers. Negative circumferential surgical margins are an important prognostic indicator and are best obtained by producing a cylindrical specimen. The 'ideal' approach to produce such specimen
PMID 23590533

A Quality Improvement Project for Safe and Effective Patient Positioning During Robot-Assisted Surgery.

Sutton S, Link T, Makic MB.AbstractDuring the initiation of a new robotic surgery program, a quality improvement team explored different techniques for positioning patients in the lithotomy and steep Trendelenburg position during robot-assisted procedures. Concerns associated with placing patients in the steep Trendelenburg position include the patient slipping toward the head of the bed and experiencing hemodynamic changes that may result in a rise in blood pressure, increased intraocular and intracranial pressures, and difficulty with ventilation, particularly in patients with a high body mass index. Skin integrity is also of concern because perioperative personnel are responsible for protecting the patient's skin from excessive sheer, friction, and injury. The quality improvement team evaluated and compared two positioning devices: an air-inflated positioning device and high-density foam padding. Both methods allowed personnel to position the patient without compromise; the surgeons performing the robot-assisted procedures preferred the high-density foam padding.
AORN journal.AORN J.2013 Apr;97(4):448-56. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2013.01.014.
During the initiation of a new robotic surgery program, a quality improvement team explored different techniques for positioning patients in the lithotomy and steep Trendelenburg position during robot-assisted procedures. Concerns associated with placing patients in the steep Trendelenburg position
PMID 23531311

Japanese Journal

看護学生の砕石位体験前後の産婦人科診察台に対するイメージと羞恥心の変化

中居由美子,小笠原知枝,播金ヤスミ [他]
畿央大学紀要 = Bulletin of Kio University 12(1), 19-30, 2015-06
NAID 40020527888

手術手技当科における吊り上げ式腹腔鏡下総胆管切石術 : ラッププロテクターminiminiの使用

田代耕盛,峯一彦,市成秀樹 [他]
臨床外科 = Journal of clinical surgery 69(13), 1541-1546, 2014-12
NAID 40020270314

圧力分布測定システムBIG-MATを用いた砕石位支脚器に接する腓骨神経走行部位における外圧力の測定

水野樹,難波力,高橋徹
麻酔 63(10), 1167-1171, 2014-10
NAID 40020224686

Related Pictures

> Table Accessories > Lithotomy Stirrups lithotomy_positiion Lithotomy Position OT Tables Lithotomy - Exaggerated Definition of « Lithotomy position » High lithotomy position, GYN Lithotomy lithotomy positioning Alternatively, if an operation table which

★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「choledocholithotomy」「lithotomy-Trendelenburg position」「percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy」

「choledocholithotomy」

Lithotomy
	Intervention
	; A kidney stone, 8 millimetres (0.31 in) in diameter
ICD-9-CM	51.04 (gallbladder); 51.41 (common duct); 51.49, 51.96 (bile passage or hepatic duct); 55.01, 55.03 (kidney); 56.2 (ureter); 57.19 (urinary bladder)
MeSH	D008096

　　[★]

総胆管切石術、総胆管截石術、総胆管結石摘出術

「lithotomy-Trendelenburg position」

　　[★] 切石位トレンデレンブルグ体位

「percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy」

　　[★] 経皮経肝胆道鏡下石切術 PTCL

[al-Zahr.C4.81w.C4.ABStudies1973-1] -Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973). Albucasis on surgery and instruments. University of California Press. pp. 410–6. ISBN 978-0-520-01532-6.

[Collier1831-2] Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1831). "Book VII, Chapter XXVI: Of the operation necessary in a suppression of urine, and lithotomy". In Collier, GF. A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine (2nd ed.). London: Simpkin and Marshall. pp. 306–14.

[Riches1968-3] Riches, E (1968). "The history of lithotomy and lithotrity". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 43 (4): 185–99. PMC 2312308. PMID 4880647.

[4] Androutsos G (2004). "[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century]". Prog Urol (in French) 14 (2): 255–9. PMID 15217153.

[5] ulot Frère Jacques Baulot

[6] Un célèbre lithotomiste franc-comtois: Jacques Baulot dit Frère Jacques (1651-1720), E. Bourdin, Besançon, 1917

[7] Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western medicine: an illustrated history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924813-3.

[8] Ganem JP, Carson CC (1999). "Frère Jacques Beaulieu: from rogue lithotomist to nursery rhyme character". J Urol 161 (4): 1067–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61591-X. PMID 10081839.

[9] Evers S (1993). "[Tableau de l'opération de la taille by Marin Marais (1725)—a bladder calculus operation represented in music]". Urologe A (in German) 32 (3): 254–9. PMID 8511837.

[10] ttp://www.thefullwiki.org/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_56.djvu/303

[Ellis1969-11] Ellis, H (1969). A History of Bladder Stone. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-06140-2.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

lithotomy